What are the three types of biotransformation reactions?
Biotransformation refers to the process by which lipophilic (fat-soluble), xenobiotic (foreign), or endobiotic (endogenous) chemicals are converted in the body by enzymatic reactions to products that are more hydrophilic (water-soluble).
What are the two types of biotransformation reactions?
Biotransformation is of two types: Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic. Enzymatic are further divided into Microsomal and Non-microsomal. Enzymatic Elimination is the biotransformation occurring due to various enzymes present in the body.
What are the 4 major pathways of biotransformation?
Basic Principles of Pharmacology The synthetic pathways for biotransformation are covered in detail in many biochemistry texts. Briefly, the liver metabolizes drugs through oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, or conjugation.
What are biotransformation reactions?
Introduction. Biotransformation is a metabolic process that takes place mainly in the liver and helps to facilitate the excretion of both exogenous and endogenous substances. A series of reactions alter the chemical structures of these substances.
What is a conjugation reaction?
Conjugation reactions, or phase II reactions, synthesize more water-soluble compounds by combining a substance with an endogenous molecule to enhance excretion of that substance. Glucuronide, sulfate, and glycine are the common endogenous molecules to which drugs are bound.
What is biotechnology biotransformation?
Biotransformation is a process by which organic compounds are transformed from one form to another, aided by organisms such as bacteria, fungi and enzymes. Biotransformations are used as a valuable strategy to build molecules, similar to parent drug in the drug discovery programme.
What are microsomal enzymes?
Microsomal enzymes are typically found in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes. Microsomes are fragments of endoplasmic reticulum and attached ribosomes that are isolated together when homogenized cells are centrifuged.
What is glucuronidation and sulfation?
Sulfation and glucuronidation are the principal metabolic pathways of flavonoids, and extensive phase II metabolism is the main reason for their poor bioavailabilities.
What does a glucuronide do?
The human body uses glucuronidation to make a large variety of substances more water-soluble, and, in this way, allow for their subsequent elimination from the body through urine or feces (via bile from the liver). Hormones are glucuronidated to allow for easier transport around the body.
What is biotransformation phase2?
Abstract. Background: Phase II biotransformation reactions (also ‘conjugation reactions’) generally serve as a detoxifying step in drug metabolism. Phase II drug metabolising enzymes are mainly transferases.
What is the difference between microbial transformation and fermentation?
Answer. The essential difference between fermentation and biotransformation is that a number of catalytic steps are present between transformations of a substrate(s) to the product in fermentation, while a biotransformation process; there are only one or two steps involved.
What is hepatic microsomal?
Drugs are metabolized in the liver using several enzyme-catalyzed processes. These enzymes are collectively referred to as the hepatic microsomal enzyme system, and they are usually present in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes.