What is a Circinate retinopathy?

Circinate retinopathy. a retinal degeneration marked by a girdle of sharply defined white exudates around an edematous macula; usually bilateral and typically affects the aged.

What causes intraretinal fluid?

This fluid is produced by relevant diseases as the Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) or the Diabetic Macular Edema (DME), among the main causes of blindness in developed countries. These two pathologies have in common the presence of fluid bodies inside the retinal layers.

What is intraretinal Oedema?

Cystoid macular oedema (CMO) CMO is characterised by intraretinal oedema contained in honeycomb-like (cystoid) spaces filled with clear fluid. The underlying cause is thought to be disruption to the BRB. Retinal cells are displaced by the cysts, so the fluid affects both cell function and cell architecture.

What is Irma diabetic retinopathy?

Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (or IrMAs) are shunt vessels and appear as abnormal branching or dilation of existing blood vessels (capillaries) within the retina that act to supply areas of non-perfusion in diabetic retinopathy.

What is a macular star?

Optic disk edema with a macular star is a descriptive term encompassing a heterogeneous group of disorders. The clinical features include sudden visual loss, swelling of the optic disk, peripapillary and macular exudates that may occur in a star pattern, and cells in the vitreous.

What is venous beading in diabetic retinopathy?

Venous beading refers to irregular constriction and dilatation of venules in the retina. “Beading” is a non-specific sign of retinal ischemia. It is a good predictor of risk for retinopathy progression if present in two of the four midperipheral retinal quadrants.

Can you go blind from macular edema?

If left untreated, macular edema can cause severe vision loss and even blindness.

What is the difference between intraretinal fluid and subretinal fluid?

For example, the presence of intraretinal fluid has been associated with poorer visual acuity, whereas the presence of subretinal fluid has been associated with better visual acuity. Retinal fluid and thickness are important for selecting dosing interval durations in clinical trials and clinical practice.

What is Parafoveal edema?

Cystoid macular edema (CME) involves fluid accumulation in the outer plexiform layer secondary to abnormal perifoveal retinal capillary permeability. The edema is termed “cystoid” as it appears cystic; however, lacking an epithelial coating, it is not truly cystic.

What causes Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities?

The intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA) formed in the retina due to the leakage of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) hormone due to the blockage of the blood vessels.

What does Irma look like in the retina?

IRMA is deeper in the retina than neovascularization, has blurrier edges, is more of a burgundy than a red, does not appear on the optic disc, and is usually seen after a shorter period of poorly controlled diabetes than neovascularization.

Does a macular star go away?

Clinical diagnosis Macular star generally becomes apparent a few weeks (Left) after onset of visual symptoms and resolves thereafter over several weeks.

What are intraretinal hemorrhages?

Intraretinal hemorrhages appear slightly darker red than other hemorrhages. They typically have a pre-venular deeper capillary layer origin and therefore are associated with vein-based conditions or congestive disease.

What are the indications for direct intervention for retinal hemorrhages?

Direct intervention for retinal hemorrhages is indicated in submacular, subhyaloid, and vitreous hemorrhages because of their potential to damage vision irreversibly. Most dot and blot, splinter, and flame-shaped hemorrhages are not vision-threatening and are usually found in the posterior pole sparing the fovea and can be observed.

What are the treatment options for preretinal hemorrhage?

Preretinal hemorrhage may also be treated by pulsed neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser membranotomy. Again, the goal in treating preretinal hemorrhages is to speed visual recovery, decrease complications of stagnant preretinal blood, and increase visualization of the retina.

What is the prevalence of retinal hemorrhages in critically ill children?

Retinal hemorrhages in critically ill children with no history of trauma or abuse have a prevalence of 15%. Most cases are mild and are seen in children younger than two years and are associated with systemic infection, accidental brain trauma, and severe coagulopathy.[1]