What is the history of Kerala?

What is the history of Kerala?

History of Kerala Kerala is first mentioned (as Keralaputra) in a 3rd-century-bce rock inscription left by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. In the last centuries bce this region became famous among the Greeks and Romans for its spices (especially pepper).

Who ruled Kerala first?

The Ays were the earliest ruling dynasty in southern Kerala, who, at their zenith, ruled over a region from Nagercoil in the south to Thiruvananthapuram in the north. Their capital was at Kollam.

Who made Kerala?

Parasurama, an avatar of Vishnu threw his battle axe into the sea after he reached Gokuram from Kanyakumari. As a result, the land of Kerala arose, reclaimed from the waters. He was the sixth of the ten avatars (incarnation) of Vishnu.

Did Mughals conquer Kerala?

In fact, Kerala defeated the Mughals, Delhi Sultanate, Dutch, Portuguese, and British. In large part, this was because Kerala had an unparalleled martial community in the Nairs, a group whose entire social and political system was streamlined for warfare and conquering.

Is south India more developed?

With GDP per capita of $3,000 it ranks fourth among Indian states. It is second most industrialized state in India next to Maharashtra. It ranks second in per capita income (2017–2018) among large states.

Is Kerala a Parshuram?

Puranas say that it was Parasuram who planted the 64 Brahmin families in Kerala, whom he brought down from the north in order to expiate his slaughter of the Kshatriyas. Kerala is also known as Parasurama Kshetram, ‘The Land of Parasurama’.

When was Kerala formed?

Kerala (/ˈkɛrələ/) is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions.

Why is Kerala called Malayalam?

The term originally referred to the land of the Chera dynasty, and only later became the name of its language. The language Malayalam is alternatively called Alealum, Malayalani, Malayali, Malabari, Malean, Maliyad, Mallealle, and Kerala Bhasha. Kerala was usually known as Malabar in the foreign trade circles in the medieval era.

What is the earliest form of Malayalam?

Old Malayalam (Pazhaya Malayalam), an inscriptional language found in Kerala from c. 9th to c. 13th century CE, is the earliest attested form of Malayalam. The start of the development of Old Malayalam from a western coastal dialect of contemporary Tamil (Karintamil) can be dated to c. 7th – 8th century CE.

Why is Kerala called Malabar?

Until the arrival of British, the term Malabar was used in foreign trade circles as a general name for Kerala. Earlier, the term Malabar had also been used to denote Tulu Nadu and Kanyakumari which lie contiguous to Kerala on the southwestern coast of India, in addition to the modern state of Kerala. The people of Malabar were known as Malabars.

How much is a Ford flathead V8 worth?

How much is a Ford flathead V8 worth?

As already posted it is most likely worth in the $100 to $200 range.

How much horsepower does a Ford flathead V8 have?

In 1953, Ford made the final flathead V8. It displaced 3.9 liters and made 110 horsepower. As engineers sought more power, Ford scrapped the design in favor of an overhead-valve engine.

Do they still make flathead engines?

Flatheads were widely used internationally by automobile manufactures from the late 1890s until the mid-1950s but were replaced by more efficient overhead valve and overhead camshaft engines. They are currently experiencing a revival in low-revving aero-engines such as the D-Motor.

How much does a flathead Ford V8 weigh?

ENGINE Weight Comments
pounds
Ford flathead V8 525
Ford flathead V8 569 (’53 239 CID)
Ford Cosworth DFV 353 (racing engine, DOHC, 3.0L)

What is the most reliable Ford engine?

Although Ford’s 300ci inline-six is not their first, it is one of the most reliable. With over 30 years of reliability, low-cost, torquey performance, and superior fuel economy, the F-Series engine first appeared in 1965.

What is Ford largest engine?

The all-new 2020 Mustang Shelby GT500 will boast the most powerful Ford engine. This formidable supercharged engine will generate 760 horsepower and 625 pound-feet of torque.

Did Chevrolet make a flathead engine?

The existence of the Chevrolet V8 which used overhead valves coincides with the Cadillac Type 51 flathead V8 and the Oldsmobile Light Eight flathead that were also sold at the same time, while the Chevrolet Series 490 and Series FA used an overhead valve four-cylinder engine.

How much power can a flathead V8 make?

700 horsepower
At an amazing speed of 302.204 m.p.h., a car powered by a supercharged 700 horsepower Ford flathead V8 holds the land speed record for its class at Bonnyville salt flats. The car was developed and driven by Ron Main of Chatsworth, California.

What is the most powerful V8 engine?

Koenigsegg’s latest limited production hypercar, the 3.4 million Jesko (125 units), currently holds the bragging rights for the most powerful V8. It’s powered by a 5.1-liter V8 twin-turbo V8 that makes a 1,281 hp on normal gasoline.

What is the weight of a 350 Chevy engine?

It usually weighs between 162 and 169 pounds without an iffy or bare sbc.

What is Ford’s best V8 engine?

The mighty 7.3 liter Powerstroke V8 Diesel is not just one of the best engines Ford ever fitted in a truck, it’s one of the most popular engines ever fitted in a truck of any kind. Ford sold over 2 million Super Duty’s fitted with the 7.3, and the engine is well known for its reliability and performance.

How does corruption work in Lords of waterdeep?

How does corruption work in Lords of waterdeep?

Each Corruption token in your Tavern at the end of the game is worth negative Victory Points. The exact negative value depends on how much Corruption has been collected throughout the game; the more corrupt you and your fellow Lords are, the more Corruption hurts your score.

Can you go negative in Lords of waterdeep?

It’s theoretically possible to have negative points during the game but the only way it can happen is if the corruption track is completely emptied and someone goes on the corruption spaces and gets -10 points over and over.

How do you win lords of waterdeep?

  1. Some Quests Are Better in the Beginning.
  2. Buy a Building Early on in the Game.
  3. Sometimes, Doing a Quest Outside of Your Lord Bonus Is Worth It.
  4. Selling Adventurers Can Be a Good Deal.
  5. Always Pay Attention to Your Opponents.
  6. Cascading Quests Is the Fastest Path to Victory.
  7. Don’t Forget About Waterdeep Harbor.

How do you beat Lord Waterdeep?

What’s new in Scoundrels of Skullport?

Scoundrels of Skullport – bringing two new expansions to the Lords of Waterdeep board game – has arrived! Two new locations are added to the game, with the sprawling dungeon of Undermountain and the criminal haven of Skullport (both adding in new Lords, Buildings, Intrigue, and Quest cards).

What is Skullport?

Skullport —also known as the Port of Shadow—is nestled in the heart of Undermountain, deep below the streets of Waterdeep. It is a haven for nefarious crimes, underhanded deals, and back-alley murders.

How do you remove corruption in Skullport?

However, some Skullport buildings and cards will allow a player to return corruption to the track or remove corruption from the game entirely. At the beginning of the game, each player selects a Lord Card from the deck.

How do you set up Lords of Waterdeep and Skullport?

SKULLPORTMODULE SETUP Shuffle the Skullportmodule’s components with the corresponding components of the Lords of Waterdeep base game. Set the two Skullportgame boards near the main Lords of Waterdeepgame board, within easy reach of all players.

How much does a BMW G 310 cost?

How much does a BMW G 310 cost?

Motorcycle Insurance:

Identification
Model Type Standard
BASE MSRP(US) $4,845.00
Dealers BMW Dealers
Warranty 36

Is BMW G 310 RA good bike?

Bottom line: The G 310 R is a great bike. The suspension outclasses almost all of the competition, as do the brakes. For a new rider, this bike’s intimidation factor is low from the saddle as the riding position is great for a wide range of rider sizes.

How heavy is the BMW 310 GS?

349 lb
BMW G 310 R

Manufacturer TVS Motor Company
Dimensions L : 1,988 mm (78.3 in) W : 896 mm (35.3 in) H : 1,227 mm (48.3 in)
Seat height 785 mm (30.9 in)
Weight 158.5 kg (349 lb) (claimed) (wet)
Fuel capacity 11 L (2.4 imp gal; 2.9 US gal)

How fast is a BMW g310r?

89 mph
2021 BMW G 310 R Specifications

Engine & Drivetrain:
Fuel tank capacity: 2.9 gallons (11 l)
Fuel economy (WMTC): 70 mpg (3.33 l/100 km)
Maximum speed: 89 mph (143 km/h)
Electrical system:

How many cc is G310R?

313 cc
BMW G 310 R Specifications

Mileage (City) 32.46 kmpl
Displacement 313 cc
Engine Type Water-cooled, single-cylinder 4-stroke engine, four valves, two overhead camshafts, wet sump lubrication
No. of Cylinders 1
Max Power 34 PS @ 9500 rpm

Is BMW G310R a superbike?

The BMW G 310 R is an entry-level standard motorcycle developed jointly by BMW and TVS Motor Company of India. It is BMW’s first, modern, low-end, sub-500 cc, beginner motorcycle sold under the BMW Motorrad brand….BMW G 310 R.

Manufacturer TVS Motor Company
Tires Front: 110/70 R17 Rear: 150/60 R17
Wheelbase 1,374 mm (54.1 in)

What is BMW TVs g 310 R?

(Earlier Story on BMW TVS Bike) As decided in the agreement between BMW and TVS, both the manufacturers have come together to produce a new sub-500cc motorcycle called the G 310 R. This new bike is targeted at developing markets such as that of India and Indonesia.

What kind of bike is a g 310?

Typical GS. This bike is unmistakably a GS – robust and diverse. With its classic adventure design, the G 310 GS embodies the GS Spirit. The renowned GS ergonomics bring a commanding riding position on any surface.

Where will the BMW G310R be made?

This new bike is targeted at developing markets such as that of India and Indonesia. In India, two versions of the BMW G310R will be produced – one by TVS and another one by BMW.

What color does the g 310 GS engine come in?

And because of its efficient design, the engine functions economically. All three color variants of the G 310 GS now come with a dark engine area in Titanium Gray Metallic. Which combination do you like best?

How do I redeem my Disney digital copy?

How do I redeem my Disney digital copy?

Such Codes can be redeemed through Movies Anywhere or RedeemDigitalMovie.com for licensed access to a digital version of the movie with the participating provider of your choice from any compatible web browser on a compatible connected device.

How do I redeem a digital code on Google Play?

Step 3: Get your movie on Google Play

  1. Open the Google Play app .
  2. At the top right, tap the profile icon.
  3. Tap Payments & subscriptions. Redeem gift code.
  4. Enter the code.
  5. Tap Redeem.

What is Disney File digital copy?

“DisneyFile” is Disney’s Digital Copy experience, which allows customers who purchase the DVD or Blu-ray Disc™ to receive a standard definition digital version of the movie using either iTunes or Windows Media formats.

How can I check my digital code without redeeming?

Use incognito mode if you’re on chrome. Then enter the code and it won’t redeem.

How do I redeem a promo code on Android?

Use your gift card, gift code, or promo code

  1. Open the Google Play app .
  2. At the top right, tap the profile icon.
  3. Tap Payments & subscriptions. Redeem gift code.
  4. Enter the code.

Do Disney digital codes expire?

Yes. Digital Movie codes are subject to expiration.

How can I watch redeemed Disney movies?

In addition to the Disney Movies Anywhere app, customers can access and watch titles in their Disney digital collection directly through the Amazon Video app for TVs, connected devices and mobile devices, or online at http://www.amazon.com/primevideo and via the Microsoft Movies & TV service on Windows and Microsoft …

Why is my redeem code not working Xbox?

If you’re having trouble redeeming a code, it may be due to a service outage on our side. If there are any service outages, wait until those are fixed and then try redeeming the code again. Make sure you’re redeeming on an account without an active Xbox Live Gold or Xbox Game Pass subscription.

Where is Nikkole from 16 and pregnant?

Where is Nikkole from 16 and pregnant?

Nikkole Paulun
Nikkole
Location: Monroe, Michigan
Relationships: Josh Drummonds (ex-boyfriend) Ryan Rice (ex-boyfriend)
Family: Lyle Drummonds (son; with Josh) Ellie Jade (daughter; with Ryan)

How old is nikkole Ledda?

15-year-old
Episode Summary: Nikkole Ledda (née Paulun) is a 15-year-old girl from Monroe, Michigan, and is pregnant by her boyfriend, Josh Drummonds.

Who is nikkole Ledda?

Nikkole Ledda (previously Paulun) is 15 years old and from Michigan. She’s pregnant with her boyfriend, Josh Drummond’s child. Her episode focuses on her pregnancy, birth and the history of Josh’s cheating.

What happened to Nicole and Josh 16 and pregnant?

Unfortunately they went on to suffer a miscarriage but went on to welcome their first bundle of joy together, a son named Bodhi, in July this year. As they shared an intimate moment from his birth in the hospital, Nikkole wrote: “Baby boy is here! After 14 hours of labor we welcomed our sweet rainbow babe last night!

Who is Josh Drummond?

Josh is a rodeo champion, and his skills run in the family: His uncle worked as a horse trainer for Ladd’s dad, Chuck.

Why is Josh Drummond in jail?

Nikkole Paulun, star of TEEN Mom, revealed that she has been “praying for protection” for her baby daddy Josh Drummonds’ release from prison. Josh, with whom she has a son named Lyle, is currently serving time for charges of methamphetamine possession and armed robbery.

Where can I watch 16 and pregnant?

Where can I watch 16 and Pregnant if I don’t have cable? You can watch it on fuboTV, a streaming service that offers you access to your favorite TV shows, live sports events and much more. There’s a 7-day free trial when you sign up.

Are Tyler and Nicole from 16 and Pregnant still together?

Since then, Nicole and Tyler have broken up, but co-parent their daughter. On March 31, 2016, Nicole gave birth to her second daughter, Scarlett Elizabeth with her boyfriend, Kenny Navarro. In February of 2018, Nicole and Kenny got married.

What does Paige Drummond do?

Paige Drummond – Production and Food Preparation Assistant – Food Network | LinkedIn.

Is Nikkole Biermann pregnant?

In another post on her Instagram Story, Nikkole revealed that she was possibly expecting a baby girl. The former reality television star revealed more details about the pregnancy. She explained that after hearing the baby’s heartbeat, they decided to tell their children, friends and family.

What happened to Nikkole from ‘the bachelorette’?

Last month, she revealed that she suffered a miscarriage, right before she and Kyle planned to announce the pregnancy. Nikkole received congratulatory messages from her former “16 and Pregnant” Season 2 co-stars Kail Lowry and Leah Messer, as well as Ashley Salazar, who wrote, “OMGGGG!

What happened to Nikkole Paulun and what happened to her baby?

FORMER 16 & Pregnant star Nikkole Paulun looked disheveled in a sad photo and admitted she “can’t get out of bed” after her miscarriage. Just two weeks ago, she was getting ready to announce her pregnancy, but unfortunately lost the baby. Nikkole, 26, shared on Instagram just how affected she was following her recent miscarriage two weeks ago.

Which ‘16 and pregnant’ stars got married?

Former “16 and Pregnant” Stars Nikkole Paulun & Felicia Cooke Both Got Married This Weekend: See the Wedding Pics! “For a wedding gift, feel free to give us a spot on ‘Teen Mom,’ MTV!” Wedding bells were ringing this weekend, as two different girls from 16 and Pregnant got hitched to their longtime loves.

Was Osama bin Laden a part of the CIA?

Was Osama bin Laden a part of the CIA?

In a 2004 article entitled “Al-Qaeda’s origins and links”, the BBC wrote: During the anti-Soviet war Bin Laden and his fighters received American and Saudi funding. Some analysts believe Bin Laden himself had security training from the CIA.

What was found on Osama bin Laden hard drive?

Nearly 470,000 digital files, 250 gigabytes of data, more than 100 USB drives, DVDs and CDs, were discovered inside the compound along with five computers And multiple mobile phones. Also found were cat videos, a video for practicing counting and crochet tutorials.

What football team did Osama bin Laden support?

Numerous reports claim that terrorist mastermind and founder of al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden supported Arsenal. After studying in Oxford for a few years during the 1970s, Bin Laden got very into football and became especially fond of the Gunners.

When did the CIA release the Abbottabad compound material?

^ “November 2017 Release of Abbottabad Compound Material”. Central Intelligence Agency. United States Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 20 May 2021. ^ “Bin Laden raid: Son Hamza’s wedding video in CIA file release”. BBC News. 2 November 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2021.

Where was bin Laden’s compound in Abbottabad?

The compound was located at the end of a dirt road 1,300 metres (0.8 mi) southwest of the Pakistan Military Academy in Bilal Town, Abbottabad, Pakistan, a suburb housing many retired military officers. Bin Laden was reported to have evaded capture by living in a section of the house for at least five years,…

Did Osama live in Haripur before moving to Abbottabad?

^ Khan, Ismail (6 May 2011). “Osama lived in Haripur before moving to Abbottabad”. Dawn. Retrieved 7 May 2011. ^ Cooper, Helene (6 May 2011). “U.S. Demands More From Pakistan in Bin Laden Inquiry”.

What was the size of the Abu Dhabi compound in 2005?

Completed in 2005, the main buildings in the compound lay on a 3,500-square-metre (38,000 sq ft) plot of land, much larger than those of nearby houses. Its perimeter was 3.7- to 5.5-metre (12 to 18 ft) concrete walls topped with barbed wire, and there were two security gates. The compound had very few windows.

Who is Yang Mi (Yang Mi)?

Who is Yang Mi (Yang Mi)?

Related Articles Yang Mi is a Chinese actress and singer and also named as one of the “New Four Dan Actresses” by Chinese newspaper Southern Metropolis Daily. She is noted for her roles in the television series “The Return of the Condor Heroes” and “Chinese Paladin 3” respectively.

Is Yang Mi married to Hawick Lau?

In November 2013, she announced their engagement. Yang Mi and Hawick Lau were married in Bali, Indonesia on 8 January 2014. On 1 June 2014, she gave birth to their daughter Noemie Lau at the Hong Kong Adventist Hospital, Hong Kong.

Did Yang Mi and Zhou Keyu have a scandal?

Yang Mi and Zhou Keyu, 16 years younger, are rumored to have a scandal. The two paired up with couple skins, and the interaction was very ambiguous. Yang Mi and Liu Kaiwei gave birth to Xiao Nuomi.

She was also chosen by Southern Metropolis Daily 2013 version as one of the “New Four Dan actresses ” along with Liu Shi Shi, Ni Ni and Angelababy. In 2012, Yang Mi established her own company, Jiaxing media (also known as Jay Walk Studio) in collaboration with H&R Century Pictures.

What is Yang Mi’s real name?

Jump to navigation Jump to search. Yang Mi (Chinese: 杨幂, born 12 September 1986) is a Chinese actress and singer.

Will Yang Mi and Hawick Lau raise their daughter together?

Retrieved 22 June 2017. ^ “Chinese star Yang Mi and HK actor Hawick Lau announce divorce, will raise their daughter together”. The Straits Times. 22 December 2018. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018.

When did Yang Mi have her baby?

Then on November 11, 2013, she announced their engagement. Yang Mi and Hawick Lau were married in Bali, Indonesia on January 8, 2014. She gave birth to her daughter on June 1, 2014, in a Hong Kong hospital.

Why was a chain stretched from Constantinople to Golden Horn?

Why was a chain stretched from Constantinople to Golden Horn?

At the entrance to the Horn on the northern side, a large chain was pulled across from Constantinople to the old Tower of Galata to prevent unwanted ships from entering.

What happened at 1832 Treaty of Constantinople?

The Great Powers ratified the terms of the Constantinople Arrangement in connection with the border between Greece and the Ottoman Empire in the London Protocol of 30 August 1832, which marked the end of the Greek War of Independence and established modern Greece as an independent state free of the Ottoman Empire.

Is Istanbul still walled city?

The walls largely remained intact until sections began to be dismantled in the 19th century, as the city outgrew its medieval boundaries. Many parts of the walls survived and are still standing today.

How many times Constantinople conquered?

Constantinople was besieged thirty-four times throughout its history. Out of the ten sieges that occurred during its time as a city-state and while it was under Roman rule, six were successful, three were repelled and one was lifted as a result of the agreement between the parties.

What river runs through Constantinople?

The city of Istanbul is visible along both banks. Aerial view of the Bosporus taken from its northern end near the Black Sea (bottom), looking south (top) toward the Marmara Sea, with the city center of Istanbul visible along the strait’s hilly banks.

What is the importance of Treaty of Constantinople?

Answer: The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.

What is the importance of Treaty of Constantinople Class 10?

Greece became independent in the year 1832 after the treaty of Constantinople. It was between Britain, France Russia on one side and the Ottoman Empire on the other side. Leopold stepped down as a claimant of the Greece throne. The treaty allowed certain parts of the border area to be under control of Greece.

Is there a PHP function to insert the line break?

Is there a function in php besides ” ” or another way of manipulating the HTML to insert the line break? Show activity on this post. 1: Use as line break. If you use that, you should also consider using to insert the horizontal line. 2: Use and tags around your text to output preformatted text.

How to insert the HTML line breaks before the new line?

The nl2br () function inserts the HTML line breaks before the new line, and the escape sequence denotes the new line. The function returns the string with the or HTML tags.

How to add line break within the echo statement in JavaScript?

We will introduce a method to add line break within the echo statement using the nl2br () function and the \ escape sequence. The nl2br () function returns the string with the or the tags of HTML. The \ escape sequence denotes the new line.

How do you put a line between two lines in HTML?

1: Use as line break. If you use that, you should also consider using to insert the horizontal line. 2: Use and tags around your text to output preformatted text. You can then use \ and \ to format your text.

What is transcriptional inhibition?

What is transcriptional inhibition?

Transcription inhibition is accompanied by notable changes in biochemical properties of nuclear proteins such as histones and hnRNPs. Histone H2B ubiquitination and histone H1b phosphorylation decrease in cells treated with either actinomycin D or DRB.

What are transcriptional sequences?

Transcription is the process in which a gene’s DNA sequence is copied (transcribed) to make an RNA molecule. RNA polymerase is the main transcription enzyme. Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to a promoter sequence near the beginning of a gene (directly or through helper proteins).

What proteins stimulate transcription?

Activator protein binding is thought to cause DNA to loop out, bringing the activator protein into physical proximity with RNA polymerase and the other proteins in the complex that promote the initiation of transcription (Figure 4).

What is a transcript in protein synthesis?

Transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA). DNA safely and stably stores genetic material in the nuclei of cells as a reference, or template.

Can transcription be inhibited?

The Transcriptional Inhibitors, Actinomycin D and α-Amanitin, Activate the HIV-1 Promoter and Favor Phosphorylation of the RNA Polymerase II C-terminal Domain* Actinomycin D and α-amanitin are commonly used to inhibit transcription.

How do I target my transcription factor?

Here, we discuss various ways to target transcription factors in cancer models: by modulating their expression or degradation, by blocking protein/protein interactions, by targeting the transcription factor itself to prevent its DNA binding either through a binding pocket or at the DNA-interacting site, some of these …

What is the purpose of transcription?

The goal of transcription is to make a RNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence. For a protein-coding gene, the RNA copy, or transcript, carries the information needed to build a polypeptide (protein or protein subunit). Eukaryotic transcripts need to go through some processing steps before translation into proteins.

Does transcription make mRNA?

During transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase (green) uses DNA as a template to produce a pre-mRNA transcript (pink). The pre-mRNA is processed to form a mature mRNA molecule that can be translated to build the protein molecule (polypeptide) encoded by the original gene.

How do you improve transcription?

In some eukaryotic genes, there are regions that help increase or enhance transcription. These regions, called enhancers, are not necessarily close to the genes they enhance. They can be located upstream of a gene, within the coding region of the gene, downstream of a gene, or may be thousands of nucleotides away.

How do enhancers increase transcription?

Enhancers are regulatory deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences that provide binding sites for proteins that help activate transcription (formation of ribonucleic acid [RNA] by DNA). When the proteins that have a special affinity for DNA (DNA-binding protein) bind to an enhancer, the shape of the DNA changes.

What is transcript record?

Transcript of record is a collection of documents containing course units taken, exams passed and credits gained over the tenure of your education.

Does actinomycin prevent transcription?

Actinomycin D is a transcription inhibitor which intercalates into DNA. Actinomycin D forms a very stable complex with DNA, preventing the unwinding of the DNA double-helix, thus inhibiting the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity.

How do antiterminator proteins control gene expression?

Antiterminator proteins control gene expression by recognizing control signals near the promoter and preventing transcriptional termination which would otherwise occur at sites that may be a long way downstream.

What is transcription antitermination?

Transcription antitermination is a specific mechanism of regulation of the efficiency of RNA production. It is based on the formation of complexes between RNA polymerase and regulatory proteins, which prevent transcription termination at otherwise functional terminator regions. Bacteriophage λ encodes two antitermination proteins, N and Q.

How does trap bind to the antiterminator hairpin?

When the TRAP protein is activated by tryptophan, it binds to the 5′ segment of the antiterminator hairpin, freeing its 3′ segment to pair with the adjacent 3′ RNA segment to form a terminator structure. Since the stability of the antiterminator is higher than that of the terminator, TRAP binding is required to prevent antiterminator formation.

Which host proteins are involved in N-mediated antitermination?

A number of host proteins, including NusA, NusG, ribosomal protein S10 (NusE), and NusB, participate in the N-mediated antitermination process (Nus stands for N utilization substance).