How are dendritic cells developed?
Dendritic cells (DCs) are uniquely potent in orchestrating T cell immune response, thus they are indispensable immune sentinels. They originate from progenitors in the bone marrow through hematopoiesis, a highly regulated developmental process involving multiple cellular and molecular events.
Where do dendritic cells originate?
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) that originate in the bone marrow and are continuously replenished from hematopoietic progenitor cells.
How do dendritic cells become mature?
A variety of factors can induce maturation following antigen uptake and processing within DCs, including: whole bacteria or bacterial-derived antigens (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, LPS), inflammatory cytokines, ligation of select cell surface receptors (e.g. CD40) and viral products (e.g. double-stranded RNA).
What are the four types of dendritic cells?
To differentiate between the two types of dendritic cells, markers BDCA-2, BDCA-3, and BDCA-4 are used. Another type of dendritic cell is the follicular dendritic cell or fDC. Unlike the myeloid and plasmacytoid forms, these dendritic cells are not of hematopoietic origin and do not express MHC class II.
What kind of lineage gives rise to dendritic cells?
DC and monocyte lineages originate from a common progenitor, the monocyte and dendritic cell progenitor (MDP). The two cell types diverge when MDPs give rise to monocytes and committed DC progenitors (CDPs) in the bone marrow.
What is the function of dendritic cells?
A special type of immune cell that is found in tissues, such as the skin, and boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system.
What is the main function of dendritic cells?
Dendritic cells (DCs) represent a heterogeneous family of immune cells that link innate and adaptive immunity. The main function of these innate cells is to capture, process, and present antigens to adaptive immune cells and mediate their polarization into effector cells (1).
How long do dendritic cells live?
Activated macrophages (another type of antigen presenting cells) are known to have a lifespan of a few days, with some research suggesting this extends to weeks, and the lifespan of activated dendritic cells is understood to be similar.
What are the main events occurring during the maturation of dendritic cells?
Upon maturation, the morphology of DCs changes, and they form dendrites and pseudopodia. In this transformation, the chemotactic activity of DCs is increased by the expression of fascin-1, an actin-bundling protein, which facilitates the assembly of membrane protrusions and thus enhances cell migration.
What happens when dendritic cells mature?
Immature dendritic cells phagocytose pathogens and degrade their proteins into small pieces and upon maturation present those fragments at their cell surface using MHC molecules. Simultaneously, they upregulate cell-surface receptors that act as co-receptors in T-cell activation such as CD80 (B7.
What are dendritic cells?
(den-DRIH-tik sel) A special type of immune cell that is found in tissues, such as the skin, and boosts immune responses by showing antigens on its surface to other cells of the immune system. A dendritic cell is a type of phagocyte and a type of antigen-presenting cell (APC).
What do dendritic cells carry?
Some early studies showed that dendritic cells carry on their surface high levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products, which are critically recognized by T-lymphocytes.
How are Type 1 Classical dendritic cells formed?
One mechanism for the development of type 1 classical dendritic cells (cDC1s) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) from bone marrow progenitors is the strict regulation of interferon regulatory factor 8 (Irf8) expression by distal, evolutionarily conserved enhancer elements.
What is the developmental program of human dendritic cells?
The developmental program of human dendritic cells is operated independently of conventional myeloid and lymphoid pathways. Blood 110, 3591–3660 (2007). 70.
How do human dendritic cells develop in the bone marrow?
Dendritic cells (DCs) develop in the bone marrow from haematopoietic progenitors that have numerous shared characteristics between mice and humans. Human counterparts of mouse DC progenitors have been identified by their shared transcriptional signatures and developmental potential.
When does lineage specification occur in human dendritic cells?
Lee, J. et al. Lineage specification of human dendritic cells is marked by IRF8 expression in hematopoietic stem cells and multipotent progenitors. Nat. Immunol. 18, 877–888 (2017). This work suggests that DC specification occurs as early as HSCs through an unknown mechanism of lineage priming that correlates with IRF8 expression levels.