What does EAAT1 do?
The function of EAAT1 and EAAT2 is heavily regulated at the levels of gene expression, post-transcriptional splicing, glycosylation states and cell-surface trafficking of the protein. Both glutamatergic dysfunction and glial dysfunction have been proposed to be involved in psychiatric disorder.
What is the EAAT2 gene?
Excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) is the predominant astrocyte glutamate transporter involved in the reuptake of the majority of the synaptic glutamate in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Gene expression can be altered without changing DNA sequences through epigenetic mechanisms.
Where is EAAT1 expressed?
EAAT1 is predominantly expressed in the plasma membrane, allowing it to remove glutamate from the extracellular space. It has also been localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of the malate-aspartate shuttle.
What type of cells are astrocytes?
Astrocytes are specialized glial cells that outnumber neurons by over fivefold. They contiguously tile the entire central nervous system (CNS) and exert many essential complex functions in the healthy CNS.
Is glutamate a protein?
Glutamate (Glu), either as one of the amino acids of protein or in free form, constitutes up to 8–10% of amino acid content in the human diet, with an intake of about 10–20 g/day in adults.
How does glutamine affect the brain?
Glutamine on the Brain Glutamine enthusiasts say it helps remove toxic metabolic residue from the brain, which further improves neural function. But others caution that in some people, a serious excess of glutamine could overexcite or even damage brain cells.
What are the types and functions of glia?
They have four main functions: (1) to surround neurons and hold them in place; (2) to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons; (3) to insulate one neuron from another; (4) to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.
What are processes in astrocytes?
Astrocytic processes are classified into branches and leaflets based on the surface-to-volume ratio and the presence of organelles. The morphological organization defines the functional properties of two compartments and their interaction with synapses. Branches with leaflets are homologous to dendrites with spines.
How does glutamate make you feel?
Excess glutamate in the brain is believed to cause the following symptoms: Hyperalgesia (pain amplification) Anxiety. Restlessness.
What happens if there is too much glutamate?
The surge of glutamate radiates out from the area of original damage, and kills neurons in nearby areas. The expanded damage can leave in its wake signs of impaired brain function, such as slurred speech and shaky movement.
Is glutamine good for anxiety?
Glutamine is key to boosting your brain health.” “From a psychological standpoint, it is also known as the calming amino acid since it’s very effective at reducing anxiety, as well as sugar and alcohol cravings.”
What chromosome is EAAT1 found on?
“The mouse and human excitatory amino acid transporter gene (EAAT1) maps to mouse chromosome 15 and a region of syntenic homology on human chromosome 5”. Genomics. 22 (3): 631–3. doi: 10.1006/geno.1994.1437.
What does the red dye mean on the EAAT1 Mab?
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of rat brain using EAAT1 (D44E2) XP ® Rabbit mAb (green). Red = Propidium Iodide (fluorescent DNA dye). Western blot analysis of extracts of tissue from mouse brain, rat brain, and human cerebellum using EAAT1 (D44E2) XP ® Rabbit mAb.
What are EAATs in the brain?
Glutamate transporters, also known as excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), are sodium- and potassium-dependent members of the solute carrier family 6 (SLC1), widely distributed throughout the brain. There are five EAAT subtypes, each with a specific distribution.
What is the STAT1 gene?
STAT1 (Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with STAT1 include Immunodeficiency 31C and Immunodeficiency 31A. Among its related pathways are IL-1 Family Signaling Pathways and Development EPO-induced Jak-STAT pathway.