What is the pathogenesis of pneumonia?
PATHOGENESIS. Pneumonia indicates an inflammatory process of the lung parenchyma caused by a microbial agent. The most common pathway for the microbial agent to reach the alveoli is by microaspiration of oropharyngeal secretions.
What are the 4 classifications of pneumonia?
A pneumonia infection is classified based on how it is acquired and can be categorized into community-acquired, hospital-acquired, healthcare-acquired, or aspiration pneumonia.
What is the primary hallmark pathological feature of pneumonia?
Organising pneumonia is defined pathologically by the presence in the distal air spaces of buds of granulation tissue progressing from fibrin exudates to loose collagen containing fibroblasts (fig1).
How does pneumonia interfere with gas exchange?
Each one has a fine mesh of capillaries. This is where oxygen is added to the blood and carbon dioxide is removed. If a person has pneumonia, the alveoli in one or both lungs fill with pus and fluids (exudate), which interferes with the gas exchange. This is sometimes known as ‘consolidation and collapse of the lung’.
What causes pneumonia and it pathophysiology?
Most pneumonia occurs when a breakdown in your body’s natural defenses allows germs to invade and multiply within your lungs. To destroy the attacking organisms, white blood cells rapidly accumulate. Along with bacteria and fungi, they fill the air sacs within your lungs (alveoli). Breathing may be labored.
What is pathophysiology of a disease?
Definition of pathophysiology : the physiology of abnormal states specifically : the functional changes that accompany a particular syndrome or disease.
What are the 3 stages of pneumonia?
Stages of Pneumonia
- Stage 1: Congestion. During the congestion phase, the lungs become very heavy and congested due to infectious fluid that has accumulated in the air sacs.
- Stage 2: Red hepatization.
- Stage 3: Gray hepatization.
- Stage 4: Resolution.
What are the 3 major causes of pneumonia?
Viruses, bacteria, and fungi can all cause pneumonia.
What is differential diagnosis pneumonia?
| Pneumonia | |
|---|---|
| Causes | Bacteria, virus, aspiration |
| Risk factors | Cystic fibrosis, COPD, sickle cell disease, asthma, diabetes, heart failure, history of smoking, older age |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms, chest X-ray |
| Differential diagnosis | COPD, asthma, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism |
What is the difference between pneumonia and organized pneumonia?
Although the word “pneumonia” is in the name, COP is not an infection. Instead, organizing pneumonia refers to organized swirls of inflammatory tissue filling the small bronchioles and alveoli.
What parts of the respiratory system are affected by pneumonia?
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The infection causes the lungs’ air sacs (alveoli) to become inflamed and fill up with fluid or pus. That can make it hard for the oxygen you breathe in to get into your bloodstream.
What happens to the respiratory system and associated organs during pneumonia?
Pneumonia is an infection in one or both lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The infection leads to inflammation in the air sacs of the lungs, which are called alveoli. The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe. Both viral and bacterial pneumonia are contagious.
What is the mechanism of action of PA 824?
PA-824 may also exhibit some of its effects through the generation of radicals. 4,5 PA-824 activation: PA-824 is active as the reduced form of the parent drug, requiring cofactor- 420-dependent glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (FGD1) reduction of an aromatic nitro group.
What is PA-824?
The bicyclic nitroimidazole PA-824 is a pro-drug with a very complex mechanism of action active against both replicating and hypoxic, non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What is the pathophysiology of community-acquired pneumonia?
The formation of community-acquired or hospital pneumonia occurs as a result of the implementation of several pathogenetic mechanisms, the most important of which are: violations of a complex multi-stage respiratory protection system against the penetration of microorganisms into the respiratory parts of the lungs;
Does PA-824 kill mycobacterial cells?
Thus PA-824 acts as a “suicide bomb” releasing toxic NO within mycobacterial cells and NO possibly reacts with cytochromes/cytochrome oxidase to interfere with the electron flow and ATP homeostasis under hypoxic non-replicating conditions. This NO-releasing effect of PA-824 is not sufficient to kill aerobically replicating cells.