What is the pathophysiology of infectious diarrhea?
After ingestion, organisms colonize the intestine and either invade the ileal and colonic mucosa or secrete a noxious cytotoxin intraluminally. Both these pathways induce an acute inflammatory reaction of the mucosa. The products of this reaction induce intestinal secretion and diarrhea.
What is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in infants and children?
Overall, rotavirus is the most common cause of acute diarrheal disease in infants. Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter are the most frequently isolated bacterial pathogens, and Giardia and Cryptosporidium are the parasites that most commonly produce acute infectious diarrhea.
What are the mechanics of diarrhea?
Diarrhea is the result of reduced water absorption by the bowel or increased water secretion. A majority of acute diarrheal cases are due to infectious etiology. Chronic diarrhea is commonly categorized into three groups; watery, fatty (malabsorption), or infectious.
What is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea?
Viruses are the most common cause of diarrhea. There are four specific viruses that most often cause infectious diarrhea:3. Norovirus, also known as the “cruise ship virus,” is the most common cause of food-borne gastroenteritis in the U.S.
What bacteria causes diarrhea mechanism?
Bacterial enteropathogens cause diarrhea primarily by elaborating enterotoxins (which also requires the organisms to adhere to the surface of the intestinal cell) and by invading the intestinal mucosa. The number of known bacterial enterotoxins has rapidly increased.
Which organism causes acute diarrhea in children?
Human rotavirus is a major causative agent of diarrhea in children, especially in those <5 years of age. Most reports worldwide agree that rotavirus is the primary cause of acute diarrhea in children [2, 8–10]. However, the etiology of bacteria causing diarrhea appears to differ depending on geographical area.
Why are Antidiarrheals contraindicated in children?
Medication Summary Antidiarrheal (ie, kaolin-pectin) and antimotility agents (ie, loperamide) are contraindicated in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children because of their lack of benefit and increased risk of side effects, including ileus, drowsiness, and nausea.
How is infectious diarrhea different?
Diagnosis and Treatment A stool culture is commonly used to diagnose bacterial infections, while a combination of microscopic and antigen-based tests can help identify protozoa in stool samples. Viral infections can be diagnosed by running a PCR test on a person’s stool, blood, or other body fluids.
Which bacteria is responsible for infectious diarrhea?
The most frequently identified organisms causing bacterial diarrhea are Escherichia coli (most common worldwide), Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter (most common in children), Yersinia, and Clostridium spp. Traveler’s diarrhea can be most commonly the result of Shiga-toxin producing E.
What is infectious diarrhea called?
Diseases that cause diarrhea with or without vomiting are called gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis means inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Gastroenteritis is an infection caused by a variety of germs that results in vomiting or diarrhea.
What does it mean when a child has diarrhea for days?
Acute Diarrhea Acute diarrhea may be due to infections with bacteria, viruses or parasites. Diarrhea is more common in children attending day care and is usually due to a virus.
What are the mechanisms of infectious diarrhea?
Infectious diarrhea is an important public health problem worldwide. Research has provided new insights into the mechanisms of diarrhea caused by various pathogens that are classified as noninflammatory, inflammatory or invasive. These three groups of organisms cause two diarrheal syndromes—noninflammatory diarrhea and inflammatory diarrhea.
What causes chronic diarrhea in children with celiac disease?
The disease is triggered by eating foods containing gluten. Gluten is a protein found naturally in wheat, barley, and rye. Gluten is common in foods such as bread, pasta, cookies, and cakes. Celiac disease can cause chronic diarrhea in children of any age. In functional GI disorders, symptoms are caused by changes in how the digestive tract works.
What causes diarrhea in babies with food allergies?
Food allergies and intolerances. People sometimes mistake milk allergy, which can cause diarrhea in infants, for lactose intolerance. Fructose intolerance Fructose intolerance is a condition that may cause diarrhea after eating foods or drinking beverages that contain fructose, a sugar found in fruits, fruit juices, and honey.