How did quinine help Europeans colonize Africa more easily?
Since the lowered mortality rate from malaria enabled Europeans to live in areas where the disease was prevalent, quinine has been seen as a tool of nineteenth century colonialism that was critical for empire expansion throughout Asia and Africa.
How did quinine influence the Colonisation of Africa?
From its first use in Africa by early explorers to its use by colonists once colonial rule was established, quinine enabled the expansion of British power in Africa until that power reached its colonial height.
Who discovered quinine from cinchona?
In 1820, quinine was extracted from the bark, isolated and named by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou. Purified quinine then replaced the bark as the standard treatment for malaria [5]. Quinine and other cinchona alkaloids including quinidine, cinchonine and cinchonidine are all effective against malaria.
Where do cinchona trees grow?
The cinchona – a large shrub or small tree – is indigenous to South America. In the 19th century it could be found along the west coast from Venezuela in the north to Bolivia in the south. Its bark, also known as Peruvian Bark or Jesuit’s Bark, is renowned for its medicinal properties.
What did the British drink in India?
At first, this valuable commodity was strictly for export, but as production grew and the price fell, Indians began drinking tea too. And, naturally enough, they followed the example of the British and drank their tea with milk and sugar. Which brings us back to the masala chai that first prompted this reflection.
Where does African quinine come from?
The story of quinine begins in South America; in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador. Before it was found effective in treating malaria, it had long been used by indigenous people to treat shivering.
Why do they put quinine in tonic water?
The quinine present in tonic water provides a distinctive bitter flavour. The inclusion of quinine in tonic is often associated as a primary health benefit of tonic. Quinine’s primary benefit is for the treatment of malaria. It’s not used to prevent malaria, but rather to kill the organism responsible for the disease.
What is Latin name for quinine?
Scientific Name(s): Cinchona calisya Wedd., Cinchona ledgeriana Moens ex Trim. ( yellow cinchona), Cinchona succirubra Pav.
What is crazing and how to avoid it?
Crazing can take place in glassy polymers under environmental effects. It is problematic because it requires a much lower stress state and sometimes happens after a long delay, which means it is hard to detect and avoid. For example, PMMA containers in daily use are quite resistive to humidity and temperature without any visible defects.
What is Quining Qualia?
Quining Qualia 1. Corralling the Quicksilver “Qualia” is an unfamiliar term for something that could not be more familiar to each of us: the ways things seem to us. As is so often the case with philosophical jargon, it is easier to give examples than to give a definition of the term.
Where does the word “crazing” come from?
The metaphorical senses familiar today derive from crazing in pottery: “crazy” meaning “diseased or sickly” dates to about 1570; “of unsound mind,” to about 1610. ^ Paul A. O’Connell and Gregory B. Mckenna.
What is crazing in polystyrene?
Crazing occurs mostly in amorphous, brittle polymers like polystyrene (PS), acrylic (PMMA), and polycarbonate; it is typified by a whitening of the crazed region. The white colour is caused by light-scattering from the crazes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEnDgWVp1g4