Are exotoxins and endotoxins virulence factors?
Specific pathogens possess a wide array of virulence factors. Some are chromosomally encoded and intrinsic to the bacteria (e.g. capsules and endotoxin), whereas others are obtained from mobile genetic elements like plasmids and bacteriophages (e.g. some exotoxins).
Are exotoxins virulence factors?
Pseudomonas Exotoxin A (PE) is the most toxic virulence factor of the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
What is the virulence factor endotoxin?
Virulence factors contribute to a pathogen’s ability to cause disease. Exoenzymes and toxins allow pathogens to invade host tissue and cause tissue damage. Bacterial toxins include endotoxin and exotoxins. Endotoxin is the lipid A component of the LPS of the gram-negative cell envelope.
Is Lyme disease an endotoxin or exotoxin?
burgdorferi is an exotoxin-producing bacterium.
Are capsules virulence factors?
Function. The capsule is considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease (e.g. prevents phagocytosis). The capsule can protect cells from engulfment by eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages. A capsule-specific antibody may be required for phagocytosis to occur.
Why are capsules considered a virulence factor?
The capsule is considered a virulence factor because it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease. Capsule is found most commonly among Gram-negative bacteria, for example, Escherichia coli, Neisseria meningitidis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
What are some examples of virulence factors?
Factors that are produced by a microorganism and evoke disease are called virulence factors. Examples are toxins, surface coats that inhibit phagocytosis, and surface receptors that bind to host cells.
What is the chemical composition of Lyme?
A lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was isolated from the Lyme disease spirochete by a modification of the hot phenol-water method. The material was composed of 45% carbohydrate, 8% protein, 44% lipid A, and 1% 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid and accounted for approximately 1.5% of the cellular dry weight.
Is Lyme disease lytic?
The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi genome possesses a FlgJ and a PG lytic SLT enzyme protein homolog (BB0259).
Why is the bacterial capsule considered a virulence factor?
The bacterial capsule is also considered a virulence factor as it enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease by preventing phagocytosis. In addition, in neutropenic patients capsule can also protect bacteria from engulfment by host macrophages [94].
What is the virulence factor of endotoxin?
Endotoxin – Virulence Factors: Toxins. In many infections caused by Gram-negative organisms, the endotoxin of the outer membrane is a significant component of the disease process. Recall that endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide and that the lipid portion (lipid A) is the toxic portion.
What is an example of a endotoxin?
Lipid A is a(n) (cytotoxin/endotoxin/exotoxin) that stimulates the body to release chemicals that cause fever, inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhaging, shock, and blood coagulation. endotoxin. Spread of pathogens from one host to another by fomites is an example of (vehicle/direct/indirect) contact transmission.
Is endotoxin a lipopolysaccharide?
Recall that endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide and that the lipid portion (lipid A) is the toxic portion. The conserved polysaccharide core and the variable O-polysaccharide side chains of endo-toxin are responsible for the antigenic diversity seen among enteric bacterial species.
What is the endotoxin of the outer membrane?
In many infections caused by Gram-negative organisms, the endotoxin of the outer membrane is a significant component of the disease process. Recall that endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide and that the lipid portion (lipid A) is the toxic portion.