Do statins have pleiotropic effects?
Pleiotropic effects of statins include improvement of endothelial dysfunction, increased nitric oxide bioavailability, antioxidant properties, inhibition of inflammatory responses, and stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques.
What is the efficacy of simvastatin?
In the earliest trial, the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S), secondary prevention patients receiving 20–40 mg of simvastatin experienced a 35% mean reduction of LDL-C levels, a 42% reduction in cardiac mortality, and a 34% reduction in coronary events compared to patients receiving placebo therapy ( …
What is meant by pleiotropic effects?
Though pleiotropic effects are defined as a single gene affecting multiple systems or determining more than one phenotype, lately statin pleiotropy is referred as statins exerting multiple pharmacological activities.
When did simvastatin come off patent?
In 2005, recorded US$3.1 billion of sales in the United States and US$4.4 billion worldwide. Zocor had an original patent expiry date of 24 December 2005 but was extended by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to expire on 23 June 2006.
When does pleiotropy occur?
Pleiotropy occurs when a single mutation or gene/allele affects more than one phenotypic characteristic.
What causes pleiotropy?
The disease is caused by a defect in a single gene on chromosome 12 that codes for enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, that affects multiple systems, such as the nervous and integumentary system.
How long does it take for statin side effects to appear?
Within a month of starting statin therapy, they may feel aches or weakness in the large muscles of their arms, shoulders, thighs or buttocks on both sides of the body. About 5 to 10% of people who try statins are affected. It’s more common in the elderly, in women and in those taking the more potent statins.
What is pleiotropy effect with suitable example?
In genetics, Pleiotropy is defined as the expression of multiple traits by a single gene. Pleiotropy is derived from a Greek word meaning more ways. A simple example of a Pleiotropy is phenylketonuria is a disease. It is a genetic disorder caused by the low metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine in the body cells.
How was simvastatin discovered?
The discovery of statins While working at the Sankyo Company in 1976, the Japanese biochemist Akira Endo isolated a factor from the fungus Penicillium citrinum which he identified as a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase).
How long has simvastatin been on the market?
20 years
What’s scary isn’t so much the case of simvastatin itself — this is an issue doctors can handle — but the fact that simvastatin was approved in 1991. This drug has been on the market for 20 years. And, despite the tone of much of the coverage, this is not a medicine only taken by a few people.
How does pleiotropy affect phenotype?
“PLEIOTROPY” refers to the phenomenon in which a single locus affects two or more apparently unrelated phenotypic traits and is often identified as a single mutation that affects two or more wild-type traits.
It should be noted that the pleiotropic effects of statins are often greater with higher doses of statin.
What is the role of simvastatin in the treatment of apolipoprotein E deficiency?
Scalia R, Gooszen ME, Jones SP, Hoffmeyer M, Rimmer DM, 3rd, et al. Simvastatin exerts both anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation. 2001;103:2598–2603. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 119. Stalker TJ, Lefer AM, Scalia R.
How quickly does simvastatin lower C-reactive protein?
34 Plenge JK, Hernandez TL, Weil KM, et al. Simvastatin lowers C-reactive protein within 14 days: an effect independent of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction. Circulation. 2002; 106: 1447–1452.
What is the role of simvastatin in the pathophysiology of normocholesterolemic heart disease?
Simvastatin preserves the ischemic-reperfused myocardium in normocholesterolemic rat hearts. Circulation. 1999;100:178–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 118. Scalia R, Gooszen ME, Jones SP, Hoffmeyer M, Rimmer DM, 3rd, et al. Simvastatin exerts both anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Circulation.