How do you do a Fundic test on a dog?
Position yourself at arm’s length from the patient so that the light is shining along the animal’s visual axis. A good tapetal reflection should be seen. Interpose the lens at right angles to the examining beam of light, about 5cm from the cornea. An aerial image of the fundus should now be seen.
Where is the fundus in a dog?
The tapetal fundus is a cellular region of the anterior choroid in carnivores located between the retinal pigmented epithelium and the large vessel layers of the choroid (Figure B). Depending on the age and breed of dog, it may be gray, blue, green, yellow, orange, or red.
What does a fundus exam show?
Once the pupil is dilated, examiners use ophthalmoscopy (funduscopy) to view the eye’s interior, allowing assessment of the retina, optic nerve head, blood vessels, and other features. They also often use specialized equipment such as a fundus camera.
What is normal Fundi?
Normal Fundus. The disk has sharp margins and is normal in color, with a small central cup. Arterioles and venules have normal color, sheen, and course. Background is in normal color. The macula is enclosed by arching temporal vessels. The fovea is located by a central pit.
What is the Tapetal reflex?
Tapetal-like reflex (TLR) is an unusual, golden, bright scintillating, particulate reflection on indirect ophthalmoscopy relatively sparing the fovea similar to those seen in the eyes of some vertebrates. 2 TLR has been described in female carriers of X-linked RP and was also seen in a healthy young male.
Why do dogs have tapetum lucidum?
Dogs eyes, as those of other species active at night, have the tapetum lucidum located behind the retina to reflect incoming light and thus increase night vision.
What causes progressive retinal atrophy in dogs?
In general, PRA is an inherited disease that occurs in many breeds of dogs and also occurs in mixed breeds. In the majority of dogs, it appears to be inherited in an ‘autosomal recessive’ pattern, meaning that the affected dog must have inherited the defective gene from both parents.
How is Fundus examination done?
Funduscopic examination is a routine part of every doctor’s examination of the eye, not just the ophthalmologist’s. It consists exclusively of inspection. One looks through the ophthalmoscope (Figure 117.1), which is simply a light with various optical modifications, including lenses.
What can a Fundoscopy see?
Fundoscopic / Ophthalmoscopic Exam. Visualization of the retina can provide lots of information about a medical diagnosis. These diagnoses include high blood pressure, diabetes, increased pressure in the brain and infections like endocarditis.
What is a fundic examination for dogs and cats?
The goal of a thorough fundic examination is to evaluate the posterior segment of the eye. In dogs and cats, these structures include: 1. Optic nerve head (Cranial nerve II) 2. Retina (and retinal pigmented epithelium) 3.
What is fundic examination in ophthalmology?
A fundic examination is an important part of an ophthalmic examination, critical in the assessment of any vision changes, pupil abnormalities, or systemic disease. The fundus itself is a collective term describing all structures in the posterior portion of the globe that can be viewed with the ophthalmoscope.
How is the ocular fundus examination performed in large animal patients?
Perform the examination in a darkened room. This is the technique of choice for examination of the ocular fundus in large animal patients and is used to achieve greater magnification of the fundus in small animals.
What does a venous fundus look like in a dog?
In dogs there is a complete or partial venous circle visible on the optic nerve head and the vessels rise above the surface of the retina to pass onto the elevated surface of the optic nerve head. The wide range of normal appearance of the fundus must be appreciated prior to diagnosing abnormalities.