How is Phenylpyruvic acid produced?
It has been prepared by condensation of benzaldehyde and glycine derivatives to give phenylazlactone, which is then hydrolyzed with acid- or base-catalysis. It can also be synthesized from benzyl chloride by double carbonylation. Reductive amination of phenylpyruvic acid gives phenylalanine.
What is the source of phenylpyruvate and Phenyllactate?
Phenyllactic acid is likely produced from phenylpyruvate via the action of lactate dehydrogenase. The D-form of this organic acid is typically derived from bacterial sources while the L-form is almost certainly endogenous. Levels of phenyllactate are normally very low in blood or urine.
How is phenylalanine produced?
L-Phenylalanine is produced for medical, feed, and nutritional applications, such as aspartame, in large quantities by utilizing the bacterium Escherichia coli, which naturally produces aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine.
Why phenyl pyruvic acid and its derivatives are excreted through urine in phenylketonuria?
1 Phenylketonuria. Phenylketonuria is due to deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme, which converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. As a result, phenylalanine accumulates in the circulation and is then converted to phenylpyruvate, a phenyl ketone that is eventually excreted in the urine.
What type of functional group is present in phenylpyruvic acid?
Keto-phenylpyruvic acid is a 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropanoic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2.
Where does Homogentisic acid come from?
Homogentisic acid (2,5-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid) is a phenolic acid usually found in Arbutus unedo (strawberry-tree) honey. It is also present in the bacterial plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli as well as in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica where it is associated with the production of brown pigments.
What is phenyllactate?
Phenyllactic acid is a metabolite of phenylalanine. Inborn errors of metabolism are genetic disorders that disrupt biochemical pathways in the body. These disorders are rare, but their effects can be devastating.
Can phenylalanine be synthesized?
Phenylalanine is a vital component of proteins in all living organisms, and in plants is a precursor for thousands of additional metabolites. Animals are incapable of synthesizing phenylalanine and must primarily obtain it directly or indirectly from plants.
What is excreted in urine in phenylketonuria?
Phenylketonuria is due to deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme, which converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. As a result, phenylalanine accumulates in the circulation and is then converted to phenylpyruvate, a phenyl ketone that is eventually excreted in the urine.