What are the cellular changes that occur during injury?
When cells adapt to injury, their adaptive changes can be atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, or metaplasia. Injured cells may also accumulate materials including fat, cholesterol, protein, glycogen, or pigment.
When the ATP driven sodium pump fails in reversible cell injury may cause?
This causes clumping of nuclear chromatin. Decrease ATP causes failure of energy requiring Na-pump. There by causing accumulation of Na and diffusion of K outside the cell resulting in cellular swelling. If hypoxia continues, intracellular protein synthesis decreases due to damage to ribosomes and polysomes.
What occurs to the sodium potassium pump during anaerobic metabolism when ATP production fails?
Without sufficient supplies of ATP the plasma membrane of the cell can no longer maintain normal ionic gradients across the cell membranes and the sodium potassium pump can no longer function. This changes the ionic concentration of potassium and sodium.
What causes cellular injury?
Generally, stimuli that cause cellular injury include immunological reactions (hypersensitivity reaction to foreign agents, autoimmune reactions, immune deficiency), nutritional imbalances (protein calorie malnutrition, excessive intake of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins), genetic defects (inborn errors in metabolism …
What is cellular injury?
Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors.
What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
Oxygen Deprivation Extremely important common cause of cell injury/cell death. Causes include reduced blood flow (ischemia), inadequate oxygenation of the blood, decreased blood oxygen-carrying capacity.
What happens during reversible cell injury?
Cell injury is classified as reversible if the injured cell can regain homeostasis and return to a morphologically (and functionally) normal state. Acute cell swelling is the classic morphologic change in reversible injury; however, it is also the typical early change of irreversible cell injury.
What is reversible and irreversible cell injury?
Cell injury may be a reversible or irreversible process. In reversible cell injury, cells can recover to their normal function. In irreversible cell injury, cells undergo injury so severe that cell death and, ultimately, necrosis of tissue occur.
What happens when the sodium-potassium pump fails quizlet?
If the sodium-potassium pumps in the plasma membrane fail to function, all of the following occur, except: the neuron will slowly depolarize. the intracellular concentration of sodium ions will increase. the inside of the membrane will have a resting potential that is more positive than normal.
How does hypoxia affect the sodium-potassium pump in the cell membrane?
The Na,K-ATPase transports Na+ and K+ across the cell to maintain ionic gradients, while consuming ∼40% of cellular ATP in mammalian cells (32). Hypoxia inhibits Na,K-ATPase activity by decreasing the number of active Na+ pump molecules at the plasma membrane (11), which impairs lung fluid clearance (26, 51).
What are 7 main causes of cell injury?
Causes of injury /Types of stress
- Oxygen deprivation “Hypoxia & ischemia”
- Free radicals.
- Chemical agents –glucose, hypertonic saline, increased oxygen & poisons.
- Physical agents –trauma, extreme heat / cold , increased atmosphere pressure, radiation, electric shock.
- Infections.
- Immune reactions.
What causes cellular swelling?
Cell swelling occurs when the cell loses its ability to precisely control the influx of sodium (Na+) ions and water and efflux of potassium (K+) ions to the cytosol.
What would happen to a cell if its Na +/K+ pump was defective?
Besides, what specifically would happen to a cell if its Na +/ K+ pump were defective? If this pump stops working (as occurs under anoxic conditions when ATP is lost), or if the activity of the pump is inhibited (as occurs with cardiac glycosides such as digoxin), Na+ accumulates within the cell and intracellular K+ falls.
How does the sodium potassium pump work in a cell?
The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium ions out of and potassium ions into the cell. This pump is powered by ATP. For each ATP that is broken down, 3 sodium ions move out and 2 potassium ions move in. Also to know, why do cells swell up if Na K pumps stop working?
What happens if there is no sodium potassium pump?
Therefore, without these pumps, the cell swells up. Is the sodium potassium pump always working? The Sodium-Potassium Pumps are always at work. One can think of them as a continuous process that maintains the equilibrium potential for the individual ions.
How do cells respond to injury at the cellular level?
This chapter is focused on the response to injury at the cellular level, but the student must remember that an injured cell is affected not only by its direct injury but also by neighboring and distant cells, stroma, and vasculature, and that the injured cell in turn affects cells and tissues around it (and at distant sites).