What is the function of myokine?

Myokines are cytokines synthesized and released by myocytes during muscular contractions. They are implicated in autocrine regulation of metabolism in the muscle as well as in the paracrine/endocrine regulation of other tissues and organs including adipose tissue, the liver, and the brain through their receptors.

What are Group III and IV muscle afferents?

Group III afferents primarily transmit information about mechanical stimuli arising in the exercising muscles, whereas the group IV afferents primarily transmit information about metabolic stimuli (Hayes and Kaufman 2001; Kaufman and Forster 1996).

Is BDNF a myokine?

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) influences the differentiation, plasticity, and survival of central neurons and likewise, affects the development of the neuromuscular system. Besides its neuronal origin, BDNF is also a member of the myokine family.

Where is myostatin secreted from?

skeletal muscle
Myostatin is produced by skeletal muscle. It is a highly conserved member of the TGF-β superfamily and myostatin knockout results in extensive skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice (McPherron et al., 1997), cattle and humans (Rodgers and Garikipati, 2008).

What is myokine Irisin?

Abstract. Irisin, a skeletal muscle-secreted myokine, produced in response to physical exercise, has protective functions in both the central and the peripheral nervous systems, including the regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factors. In particular, irisin is capable of protecting hippocampus.

Is IL 10 a myokine?

Myokines are produced, expressed and released by muscle fibers under contraction and exert both local and pleiotropic effects. Myokines such as IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1ra released during physical exercise mediate its health benefits.

What are muscle afferents?

Muscle afferents are represented by axons of sensory neurons that reside within the spinal dorsal root ganglion. These pseudo-unipolar neurons transfer sensory information from muscles to the spinal cord via spinal nerves.

What do group Ia afferents detect?

Group Ia afferents (also called primary afferents) wrap around the central portion of all 3 types of intrafusal fibers; these specialized endings are called annulospiral endings. Because they innervate all 3 types of intrafusal fibers, Group Ia afferents provide information about both length and velocity.

Is myostatin a myokine?

Since myostatin was first identified as a myokine in 1997, secretome-based analysis of human myocyte culture medium has revealed over 600 myokines till date (Gorgens et al., 2015).

What foods inhibit myostatin?

A range of “natural” ingredients have been shown to inhibit myostatin, including compounds in green tea, cocoa, cauliflower, broccoli, magnolia, apple peel and holy basil.

Does creatine inhibit myostatin?

Additionally, some research indicates that creatine decreases levels of myostatin, a molecule responsible for stunting muscle growth. Reducing myostatin can help you build muscle faster ( 18 ). Summary Creatine can stimulate several key biological processes that lead to increased muscle growth and size.

What is the function of IL-6?

IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with broad-ranging effects within the integrated immune response. One of the roles of IL-6 is to support immunocompetence, defined as the ability of a host to respond to infections.