What is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia?
What causes community-acquired pneumonia? Many different types of germs can cause pneumonia. But certain types cause CAP more often. Worldwide, Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacteria that is most often responsible for CAP in adults.
What causes lobar pneumonia?
Most cases of lobar pneumonia are community acquired and caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Other causes include Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What are differential diagnosis for pneumonia?
Differential Diagnosis of Pneumonia
| Disease | Findings |
|---|---|
| Asthma | Past medical history, no infiltrates seen on chest X-ray. |
| Bronchiolitis obliterans | Should be suspected in patients with pneumonia who do not respond to antibiotics treatment. |
| Congestive heart failure | Bilateral pulmonary edema, shortness of breath. |
What is hypostatic pneumonia?
Definition: pneumonia resulting from infection developing in the dependent portions of the lungs due to decreased ventilation of those areas, with resulting failure to drain bronchial secretions; occurs primarily in old people or those debilitated by disease who remain recumbent in the same position for long periods.
What are the first signs of aspiration pneumonia?
Symptoms
- Chest pain.
- Coughing up foul-smelling, greenish or dark phlegm (sputum), or phlegm that contains pus or blood.
- Fatigue.
- Fever.
- Shortness of breath.
- Wheezing.
- Breath odor.
- Excessive sweating.
What are the 4 stages of lobar pneumonia?
Stage 1: Congestion. Stage 2: Red hepatization. Stage 3: Grey hepatization. Stage 4: Resolution.
What tests are used to diagnose pneumonia?
A chest x-ray is the typical imaging test used to diagnose pneumonia. This testing can show the presence of a pneumonia infection in the lungs. Although less often used in pneumonia testing, a computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest may be considered in select situations.
What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?
The development of pneumonia requires that a pathogen reach the alveoli and that the host defenses are overwhelmed by microorganism virulence or by the inoculum size. The endogenous sources of microorganisms are nasal carriers, sinusitis, oropharynx, gastric, or tracheal colonization, and hematogenous spread.
What is Howel–Evans syndrome?
Howel–Evans syndrome is an extremely rare condition involving thickening of the skin in the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet ( hyperkeratosis ). This familial disease is associated with a high lifetime risk of esophageal cancer.
Is Howel-Evans syndrome a distinct phenotype?
First described in 2 kindreds in the United Kingdom, Howel-Evans syndrome has subsequently been reported in only one American family. We present a previously unreported case of Howel-Evans syndrome from this American kindred demonstrating a distinct clinical phenotype.
What is the etiology of Evans syndrome?
Etiology. The role of childhood immunizations in the development of Evans syndrome has been investigated, but no specific associations have been reported. However, case reports suggest that immunizations may trigger the development of this disease in susceptible individuals.
Where to find Howel-Evans syndrome in the US?
1 The Ohio State University, Division of Dermatology, Columbus 43221, USA. [email protected] Howel-Evans syndrome is a rare form of palmoplantar keratoderma associated with esophageal cancer and is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion.