What is warfarin Ridge?
A coumadin ridge, also called warfarin ridge or left lateral ridge, is a band-like embryological remnant in the left atrium between the left superior pulmonary vein and the left atrial appendage. It is considered an anatomical variant.
What is a ridge on the heart?
Abstract. Background: The left atrial ridge is a structure located in the left atrium between the left-sided pulmonary veins ostia and the orifice of the left atrial appendage. Since it was commonly misdiagnosed as a thrombus, the ridge is also known as the “coumadin” or “warfarin” ridge.
What is Marshall ligament?
The ligament of Marshall is an epicardial vestigial fold that marks the location of the embryologic left superior vena cava. It contains the nerve, vein (vein of Marshall), and muscle tracts.
What is a Chiari network in right atrium?
The Chiari network, encountered infrequently in the right atrium, is a fenestrated, net-like embryonic remnants of valves of sinus venosus, lying closely in relation to the inferior vena cava and coronary sinus, sometimes connecting these with other right atrial structures [1].
Where is the Eustachian valve located?
The Eustachian valve (EV) is located in the superior portion of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and protrudes into the right atrial cavity.
Does everyone have LAA?
The left atrial appendage (LAA) is a small pouch extending off the side of your left atrium in the heart that can act as a decompression chamber when atrial pressure is high. While everyone has an LAA, the size and anatomy varies, as do the issues it can cause.
What’s the purpose of the left atrial appendage?
The physiological properties and anatomical relations of the LAA render it ideally suited to function as a decompression chamber during left ventricular systole and during other periods when left atrial pressure is high.
Where is ligament of Marshall?
The ligament of Marshall (LOM) is located on the epicardium between the left atrial appendage and the left pulmonary veins. The corresponding endocardial structure is the left lateral ridge. LOM is a source of paroxysmal AF, and may activate at fast rates during persistent AF.
What is a Coumadin ridge on an echocardiogram?
The usual appearance of a coumadin ridge is a band-like structure with a thin proximal part and a bulbous distal part that resembles a cotton-tip applicator. This is known as the “Q-tip sign” on transesophageal echocardiogram.
What is the other name for the Coumadin Ridge?
Therefore, the coumadin ridge is also called the left lateral ridge (LLR).3 The coumadin ridge is the atrial tissue that separates the entrance of the left superior pulmonary vein and the left atrial appendage. The coumadin ridge is usually thin in the proximal part and can be bulbous at the distal part.
Is there A ‘Coumadin ridge’ between the LAA and LSPV?
Full volume 3D TTE and colour Doppler mapping demonstrated the ‘coumadin ridge’ between the LAA and LSPV.
Why can’t we see cardiac structures in transesophageal echocardiography?
The inability to visualize cardiac structures because of suboptimal image quality remains a challenge in transesophageal echocardiographic diagnosis.