Where are leads placed for biventricular pacing?
The leads are implanted through a vein in the right atrium and right ventricle and into the coronary sinus vein to pace the left ventricle.
What is biventricular function?
Biventricular assist device: A ventricular assist device that helps both ventricles of the heart. It helps the right ventricle of the heart to pump blood to the lungs and the left ventricle to pump blood to the body.
What does a biventricular pacemaker do?
A biventricular pacemaker performs in an identical manner as other pacemakers in delivering electrical stimulus to prevent the heart rate from going too slow. The third wire, however, stimulates both the left and the right pumping chambers (ventricles) to better co-ordinate the beating of the heart.
What is Pseudofusion beat?
When a ventricular pacing output occurs, but is too late to noticeably alter the intrinsic QRS morphology as in this case, it is called pseudofusion. Pseudo-pseudofusion is when an intrinsic QRS is overlapped with an atrial rather than a ventricular pacing output, giving the appearance of pseudofusion.
What is a fusion on the heart?
A fusion beat occurs when electrical impulses from different sources act upon the same region of the heart at the same time. If it acts upon the ventricular chambers it is called a ventricular fusion beat, whereas colliding currents in the atrial chambers produce atrial fusion beats.
What is Rvef?
Right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) is the measurement of how much blood is being pumped out of the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygen. In most cases, the term “ejection fraction” refers to left ventricular ejection fraction.
What is a pacer spike?
It shows pacemaker spikes: vertical signals that represent the electrical activity of the pacemaker. Usually these spikes are more visible in unipolar than in bipolar pacing. In the first example, the atria are being paced, but not the ventricles, resulting in an atrial paced rhythm.
What is failure to capture in a pacemaker?
Failure to capture occurs when a pacing stimulus is generated, but fails to trigger myocardial depolarization. On the ECG, failure to capture is identified by the presence of pacing spikes without associated myocardial depolarization.
Is anodal pacing useful for mechanically impaired or failed Hearts?
Improvements in Pmax and Parea indicate that an anodally paced heart has a stronger mechanical response than does a cathodally paced heart. Anodal pacing might be useful as a novel therapeutic technology to treat mechanically impaired or failed hearts.
Does anodal stimulation affect echocardiography during biventricular pacing?
Conclusion: Anodal stimulation is a common phenomenon among CRT patients. In many cases ANS is seen with LV pacing only, while these changes may not be seen by ECG during biventricular pacing. Echocardiography did not show any significant acute haemodynamic benefit during ANS, and some patients may even deteriorate.
What is anodal stimulation in cardiac tachycardia?
Anodal stimulation is a common phenomenon among CRT patients. In many cases ANS is seen with LV pacing only, while these changes may not be seen by ECG during biventricular pacing. Echocardiography did not show any significant acute haemodynamic benefit during ANS, and some patients may even deteriorate.
What is an anodal capture in cardiac pacing?
Anodal capture usually occurs with high output in conventional bipolar endocardial right ventricular (RV) pacing, and in the pseudo-bipolar left ventricular (LV) to RV configuration of biventricular pacing, when the tip electrode of the LV lead is the cathode and the proximal ring electrode of the bipolar RV lead is the anode for LV pacing.