Category: Life

1. Provide Lots of Free Content:

The lure of the Internet is the promise of unlimited information–for free. Information on any and every subject known to man is accessible on the net.

If you want to attract potential customers to your Web site and you want to keep them coming back again and again, then provide lots of useful, interesting, or entertaining content for your visitors.

Of course, you want to make sure the type of content you provide on your Web site is directly related to your product or service. Otherwise, you’ll just be providing free content without any potential for selling your products or services to your visitors.

2. Update Your Content Often:

If you want to get your prospect list and your customer list coming back to your site, your newsletter will help, but you have to give them a reason to come back.

That reason will be fresh and interesting content on your site. Putting new content on your site is a never ending process. It’s not something you do once and then forget about it.

3. Check for Dead Links:

It’s very frustrating for Web site visitors to click on a link and find a Page Not Found message. Double check your page links and make sure there are no dead ones.

4. Eliminate Under Construction Pages:

You see them all the time, and it is a real turn-off for Web site visitors.

Page Under Construction.

If your page is not ready for your visitors, then don’t put a link to it.

Imagine opening a store and inviting people into one of your departments and then telling them that “Oh, uh, actually, this room is still under construction. Watch your head on the way out.”

Many Search Engines won’t list you if they find Page Under Construction messages.

Wait until your page is complete and then put it on your site.

5. Avoid Banner Mania:

If all you have on your Web site are advertising banners and more advertising banners everywhere you look, people are not going to stay and they won’t be coming back.

Focus on what your visitors want — interesting, fun, informative content.

One or two ad banners may be okay, just don’t overdo it.

6. Provide In-Depth Product Description Pages:

We can’t believe how many Web sites just provide the title of their products or services, one or two features, and a price, and think that people are going to then buy from that skimpy amount of information.

You have to remember that your Web site visitors don’t have the luxury of entering your place of business, picking up and examining your product, and asking you lots of questions about its features and benefits.

The only thing they know on your Web site, is what you tell them. And when it comes to marketing, the more you tell, the more you sell!

The more expensive the product or service, the more you must tell.

The myth that you can sell products from your Web site with just a picture, name and price destroys a lot of Web businesses. Don’t let it destroy yours.

CONCLUSION

Creativity and innovation are key factors to a successful organisation as they do not copy ideas from other organisations but they merely innovate from existing ideas to produce an exclusive solution in the form of product or services (Burrus, 2013). Organisations who encourage its employees to be more creative and innovative are able to withstand the competition in today’s world.

 

References

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Available at: https://dp.la/primary-source-sets/sets/the-invention-of-the-telephone/
[Date accessed: 18 December 2016].

Agbor, E., 2008. Creativity and Innovation: The Leadership Dynamics. Journal of Strategic Leadership, 1(1), pp. 39-45.

Amabile, T., 1988. A Model of Creativity And Innovation In Organisations. Journal of Personality And Social Psychology, 10(1), pp. 123-167.

Anon (n.d.). Alexander Graham Bell and the History of the Telephone | ShoreTel. [Online]. Shoretel.com. Available from: https://www.shoretel.com/content/alexander-graham-bell-and-history-telephone. [Accessed: 16 January 2017].

Anon (n.d.). How did Alexander Graham Bell make the telephone? [Online]. Reference. Available from: https://www.reference.com/history/did-alexander-graham-bell-make-telephone-9dba2e2a14dac072#. [Accessed: 16 January 2017].

Anon (n.d.). Leonardo da Vinci How do we know Leonardo was gay? [Online]. Available from: https://www.bnl.gov/bera/activities/globe/leonardo_da_vinci.htm. [Accessed: 12 January 2017].

Biography.com Editors, (n.d.). Leonardo da Vinci Biography. [Online]. The Biography.com website. Available from: http://www.biography.com/people/leonardo-da-vinci-40396. [Accessed: 12 January 2017].

Burrus, D. (2013). Creativity and Innovation: Your Keys to a Successful Organisation. [Online]. 2013. The Huffington Post. Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-burrus/creativity-and-innovation_b_4149993.html. [Accessed: 15 January 2017].

Carlson, C. S., 2012. Effective FMEAs. 1 ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Christensen, T. (2015). Creating the ideal cognitive conditions for creativity. Creative Something. [Online]. Available from: http://creativesomething.net/post/110541381525/creating-the-ideal-cognitive-conditions-for. [Accessed: 15 January 2017].

Ciotti, G., 2013. The 5 Most Dangerous Creativity Killers. [Online]
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[Date accessed: 12 December 2016].

Clayton, C. (2008). Convergent Thinking vs. Divergent Thinking. [Online]. 2008. SearchWarp. Available from: http://searchwarp.com/swa406990.htm. [Accessed: 7 January 2017].

Csíkszentmihályi, M., 2012. Article About Creativity. [Online]
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[Date accessed: 10 December 2016].

Fernando Cardoso de Sousa, R. P. I. P. M., 2012. Creativity, Innovation and Collaborative Organisations. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 5(1), pp. 1-39.

Godfrey, B., 2015. Creativity, Innovation and Quality. [Online]
Available at: http://leonardopublic.innovation.si/4.techniques%20of%20idea%20creation/creativity,%20innovation%20and%20quality
[Date accessed: 12 December 2016].

Harris, L., 2008. Facing Idea Engineering Roadblocks. [Online]
Available at: http://ijme.us/cd_08/PDF/100%20ENG%20107%20section%202
[Date accessed: 2 December 2016].

Hernandez, J. a. C. B., 2007. Do You Recognise These 10 Mental Blocks to Creative Thinking? [Online]
Available at: http://www.copyblogger.com/mental-blocks-creative-thinking
[Date accessed: 14 December 2016].

History.com Staff, (2009). Alexander Graham Bell – Inventions – HISTORY.com. [Online]. 2009. HISTORY.com. Available from: http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/alexander-graham-bell. [Accessed: 16 January 2017].

History.com Staff, (2009). Leonardo da Vinci – Facts & Summary – HISTORY.com. [Online]. 2009. HISTORY.com. Available from: http://www.history.com/topics/leonardo-da-vinci. [Accessed: 12 January 2017].

HistoryOfWatch, 2016. Peter Henlein – The First Watches. [Online]
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[Date accessed: 11 December 2016].

James, P., 1999. Blocks and Bridges: Learning Artistic Creativity. Arts and Learning Research Journal, 16(1), pp. 110-133.

Lengrenzi, P., 2005. Creativity and Innovation. [Online]
Available at: http://www.eurosfaire.prd.fr/7pc/doc/1249998569_creativity_innovation_p_legrenzi
[Date accessed: 10 December 2016].

Lienhard, J. (n.d.). No. 1098: Who Invented the Telephone? [Online]. Uh.edu. Available from: http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1098.htm. [Accessed: 16 January 2017].

McGuinness, M., 2011. 20 Creative Blocks and How to Break Through Them. [Online]
Available at: http://LateralAction.com
[Date accessed: 11 December 2016].

Proctor, T. (2005). Creative problem solving for managers. 2nd Ed. London: Routledge.

Pychyl, T., 2013. Procrastination Helps Creative Thinking. [Online]
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[Date accessed: 12 December 2016].

Reinert H., E. S., 2006. Creative Destruction in Economics. [Online]
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[Date accessed: 10 December 2016].

Sefertzi, D. E., 2000. Creativity, s.l.: Innoregio project: dissemination of innovation and knowledge management techniques.

Seward, Z. (2013). The First Mobile Phone Call Was Made 40 Years Ago, Today. [Online]. 2013. The Atlantic. Available from: http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/04/the-first-mobile-phone-call-was-made-40-years-ago-today/274611/. [Accessed: 16 January 2017].

Soghra, C. A., 2011. Neural and Cognitive Mechanisms of Creativity, Leiden: Universiteit Leiden.

Soul Fields, 2013. Articles: Divergent and Convergent Thinking. [Online]
Available at: https://soulfields.wordpress.com/2013/09/12/articles-divergent-and-convergent-thinking/
[Accessed 2017 01 19].

Strickland, J. (n.d.). Who invented the cell phone?. [Online]. HowStuffWorks. Available from: http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/inventions/who-invented-the-cell-phone.htm. [Accessed: 16 January 2017].

Sullivan, B., 2012. Leonardo’s Kitchen Nightmare. [Online]
Available at: http://boxesandarrows.com/leonardos-kitchen-nightmare/
[Date accessed: 15 December 2016].

Suvorova, A., 2012. Features Of The Innovation Process In The Context Of Creativity. Management Of Economic Systems, 8(44), pp. 1-14.

Velikovsky, J. (2012). StoryAlity #11: Wallas and the Creative Process. [Online]. 2012. StoryAlity. Available from: https://storyality.wordpress.com/2012/12/06/storyality-11-wallas-and-the-creative-process/.

[Date accessed: 11 January 2017].

Vessella, V., 2015. How to Combat Organisational Complacency. [Online]
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[Date accessed: 12 December 2016].

Wallas, G. (1949). The art of thought. 1st ed. London: Watts.

Williams, Y., 2003. Convergent thinking: definition, examples & quiz, s.l.: Education Portal.

Yuan, Y. and Shen, W. (2016). Commentary: Incubation and Intuition in Creative Problem Solving. Frontiers in Psychology, 7.

 

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Conditions of Creative Thinking

Creative thinking does not happen automatically. Alexander Graham Bell has always been known for his invention of the telephone in 1876 (Strickland, n.d.) and the first successful cell phone was designed by Martin Cooper who was an executive in Motorola in 1973 (Seward, 2013). Fast forward to 2017, we have a wide variety of smartphones of various sizes and functions.

 

Image 1 – Evolution of mobile devices (Seward, 2013)

 

Martin Cooper was driven by his competitive edge against Bell Labs to design the first functional cell phone. He then proceeded to make a prank call to his competitor Joel Engel to prove his point (Strickland, n.d.). With that, it propelled the cell phone industry to where it stands today.

According to Proctor (2005), he cites that Mary Henle (1962) defined that creative thinking required five conditions which were “receptivity, immersion, seeing questions, utilisation of errors and detached devotion”.

To be able to think creatively, one needs to be receptive where one is required to disengage from one’s present actions and notice one’s surrounding that might present an idea (Proctor, 2005). The telephone invention has always been synonymous with Alexander Graham Bell as he holds the patent for it (History.com Staff, 2009) but his patent has been challenged by Elisha Gray who at the same time was also applying for the patent but Bell finally won (Anon, n.d.). At the same time, Philipp Reis from Germany in 1860 was also working on this invention but had faced issues with the invention (Lienhard, n.d.). While all three inventors had the idea, it was Bell who was finally successful as he was granted the patent for it and until today he is still known as the telephone inventor. Bell would not have been successful if he did not seek out ideas that surrounded him. Although he built his invention on ideas of others, he made it work while the others were not able to (Lienhard, n.d.).

Immersion is also another condition that requires one to fully be involved and spend countless hours on developing the idea (Proctor, 2005). Bell spent countless hours in his research and engaged in many scientific experiments and a profound champion for the deaf (History.com Staff, 2009). He was very dedicated to his work that he had poor health but it never deterred him from the inventor and scientist that he is (Anon, n.d.).

The third condition of creative thinking is seeing questions where it is linked to the fact that one’s thinking is unable to go further than the question posed. The limitations of one’s thinking due to the experience or knowledge becomes a deterrent but in creative thinking, the question is likely not the most important aspect of the process (Proctor, 2005).

On the fourth condition, the utilisation of errors which is defined by errors that eventually produce solutions and ideas (Proctor, 2005). Bell through his many years of experimentation with sound waves came about the invention of the telephone (Anon, n.d.). He was not discouraged nor was he bound by his knowledge and experience with his deaf mother (Anon, n.d.). He continued his efforts to patent his inventions and making his mark as the inventor of the telephone.

Last but not least the final condition of creative thinking is detached devotion where a copious amount of time and effort is put into solving a problem or developing an idea (Proctor, 2005). In his effort to invent the world’s the first telephone, Bell dedicated his time to research and experiment and other inventions before he arrived at a physical and working device (History.com Staff, 2009).

In multiple types of research, creative thinking can also be stimulated in difficult and stressful situations (Christensen, 2015). In order to stimulate creative thinking, it can be deduced that various elements contribute to this process when applied in problem-solving and coming up with creative solutions.

 

CREATIVITY TO INNOVATION

If an employee has a brainstorm session and thinks up a lot of new ideas, it displays creativity, however, there is no innovation unless something gets done. Someone must venture and bring something for a creative thought to be transformed into an innovation (Agbor, 2008).

It is necessary to mark the differences between the terms. Unlike creativity, innovation more refers to the cooperation of artificial structures and technological elements rather than the natural environment. It consists of computers, the internet, mobile phones, databases, and systematised processes (Lengrenzi, 2005).

It is crucial to highlight key aspects of creative thinking and innovation. Creativity stands out with:

• ability to be tenacious despite complicated conditions
• capability to retreat from an effort and come back later with a refreshed view
• juxtaposing knowledge with previously contrasting areas

The two meaningful aspects which facilitate innovation:

• slight continuous steps that include try-outs and errors
• instant reorganisation of components or the view of new aspects (Lengrenzi, 2005)

As an instance of transition of creativity to innovation, the case of Peter Henlein should be taken. Before his innovation in watchmaking, there were other means how to calculate time such as movement of the celestial bodies or flow of water which were created by Su Sung (the year 1092) and many others. Peter Henlein, who is known as a father of modern clocks, could create springy strips made of steel. Being resilient enough, they can be bent tightly into curls. This innovation in watchmaking was fundamental and nowadays renowned all over the world (HistoryOfWatch, 2016).

To come up with a creative thought is one thing, but transmuting it into the innovation of a new creation or usage demands different individual features. These innovative people are required to have the type of mentality that can create the sequence of procedures which guide to favourable innovation (Amabile, 1988).

The case of improvement of the telephone can be discussed as an alternative example of the transformation. Johann Philipp Reis was the first creator who triumphed in creating an appliance called telephone. It allowed him to transmute hearable sounds into seeable signals. Having a special enthusiasm in the creature, Alexander Graham Bell continued working on it and eventually united the strength of electromagnetism with a gear of vibration. This was the foundation of present telephone technology. The situation accentuates how ideas emerge and how to set them on the new level (Abbott, 2016).

Transitioning creativity to innovation can be illustrated with the following scheme:

 

Scheme 1:  Transitioning creativity to innovation (Suvorova, 2012).

 

The creative process is the basic part of an innovation process. However, there are situations when innovative systems are not involved in creative activities (and creative structures are not capable of producing innovations). There cannot be an equal sign between innovation and creativity processes which take place in society (Suvorova, 2012).

 

RECOMMENDATIONS

Creativity and innovation are linked together to create a better product or a process for better service or procedure. There are many theorists that have tried to explain and define both ‘creativity’ and ‘innovation’ but most have different views but through this report, it is found that creativity is a part of innovation that will result in an invention or solution. In an application in a commercial setting, organisations have to take into consideration the possible blockages and resolve them to ensure a conducive environment to encourage creative inventions of products or services. Communication and collaboration between internal departments are essential in creating a smooth process to relate it to the external departments. All these factors should review and will lead a creative idea to an innovative invention.

THEORIES OF CREATIVITY

Wallas Model of the Creative Process

As it accords to the process, it would follow the logic order, whether the main point or the contents inside. In Wallas Model, it consists of 4 parts; preparation level, incubation, illumination and verification level respectively (Yuan and Shen, 2016).

 

 

Figure 1: The sequence of Wallas Model of Creative Process (Velikovsky, 2012)

 

Preparation Level

The level finds personal needs and desires, collects background information and seeks the solutions as well as focuses on the opportunity and tries to seek for a better quality of opportunities.

When Leonardo da Vinci was working in the restaurant, he found the problem of transporting food to the kitchen and to the customers, inventing conveyor belts. Also, when Duke ordered the food from the restaurant, it was cooled down. According to it, he contrived the large oven. As to ensure the safety in the restaurant, he invented sprinkler system. All the items were innovated, based on the need and desire; the criteria of acceptability are to meet its crucial target (Sullivan, 2011).

Incubation Level

After reviewing the problems, solutions and opportunities, the mind start processing all the information, that information internalised unconsciously but nothing appears outside. So, our mind contemplates and works it through. The time for this step is unknown, depends on individuals works.

When people around Da Vinci gave up thinking and performing, he still continued to think something new, some changes for the painting, after ages of struggling, he covered the famous painting-Mona, Lisa.

Illumination Level

Our mind will provide the basis of a creative response and idea briefly and also will flash into your mind to be awareness.

Verification Level

The idea and test implemented into activities that are held to demonstrate the individuals’ needs and criteria defined. The solutions are verified, elaborated and then applied to the physical behaviour (Wallas, 1949).

 

Divergent and Convergent Thinking

Creativity is the vital factor for future success, scholar achievement and plays a beneficial role in the development of the life-cycle process. There have been written a quite big number of articles about creativity, however, the interpretation of the definition is multiple and still not unique (Soghra, 2011). Different kinds of theories interpret the creativity as psychological mechanism, which forms authentic and relevant opinions, including Guilford’s psychometric theory released in 1950, Wertheimer’s Gestalt theory in 1959, Mednick’s and Eysenck’s associational theories in 1962 and 1995 correspondingly, Campbell’s Darwinian theory in 1960, social-psychological theory of Amabile in 1983, investment theory of Sternberg and Lubart’s in 1995, and cognitive theory by Martindale’s in 1995. Those theories help to develop and learn, and interpret our perception about creativity. Yet, the significant idea of contemporary understanding of creativity have been started in the 1950s by researcher Joy Paul Guilford, and in 1967 when he provided differences among divergent and convergent theories (Soghra, 2011).

Divergent thinking

Divergent thinking is a significant part of creative thinking. It doesn’t necessarily bring you the right and best solution, however by producing and contributing to a greater number of multiple solutions, some new thoughts may come to your attention. It’s may also be defined as a mind thinking technique used to create thoughts by sorting and handling a lot of relevant ideas (See Figure 2) which basically generated in an instinctive, random and unplanned, free-flowing way that is dissimilar to convergent thinking, which is well-organized and compelling. In a lack of time, there are a variety of decisions and alterations are generated and unanticipated contacts are drawn. Divergent thinking includes personality characteristics such as curiosity, nonconformity, persistence and risk taking, etc.

 

 

Figure 2.1: Divergent Thinking (Clayton, 2008)

 

Guilford’s described divergent thinking as the capability to comprehend views and ideas from a broad range of areas of inspection in order to obtain better perceiving of the external environment and world. Moreover, it’s been outlined four the fundamental aspects he accomplice creativity with fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration (Soghra, 2011).

As an example of divergent thinker, we may say about Albert Einstein. He practised with having an intellectual training session on simple and ordinary questions. For instance, sometimes he imagined himself riding on a beam of light. Throughout the wide number of research experiments, he became to a conclusion of a theory of relativity. Such logic experiments are imagined a sequence of events to realise the idea of things are (Carlson, 2012).

Convergent thinking

Convergent thinking is a definition proposed again by Guilford in 1967, which has reverse meaning to divergent thinking. Convergent thinking is the mechanism of discovering a sole final decision of a problem that we are willing to settle. A lot of exams and quizzes that are being used at a school level, like as MCQ, spelling, math, and standardised tests, are a variety of convergent thinking (Williams, 2003).

 

Figure 2.2: Convergent Thinking (Clayton, 2008)

 

Thinking about one of the convergent thinkers of all the times we can say about Sherlock Holmes, a fictional character of author Arthur Conan Doyle’s detective history, who used his mind in and deductive and sequence way of thinking by sorting, investigating, and analyzing a number of different facts so that in the end it resulted in a very logic answering of certainly asked questions. (Soul Fields, 2013). Thus, creating of such smart character by the actor we may even suppose of his convergent thinking abilities to generate a number of ideas and problem solutions.

Peter Henlein was a locksmith expert in the area of watchmaking, the main invention of whom was a producing of springy strips of steel for clocks. In this situation, he tried to find out the best and final solution for multiple ideas and information generated by him throughout the process.

Summarising up all points that are stated above, we can say that both convergent and divergent thinkings are ‘two children of one family’ and play a key role in every day’s life. The difference I may conclude that convergent thinking is a mainly straight forward type of problem-solving decision, as our minds do not necessarily need our brain to be stressed much, while divergent thinking is more intensified and brainstorming way of thinking.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The terms “Creativity” and “Innovation” are gradually becoming indispensable in modern times. They encompass a full range of sectors comprising economic, social, and environmental as well as pursue a creator’s personal objectives in today’s dynamically developing world. This report examines the concept of managing creativity and innovation to the transition of creativity to innovation through analysing three specific theories; Wallas Model of Creative Process, Divergent and Convergent Thinking as well as the Conditions of Creative Thinking.

 

Concept of Managing Creativity and Innovation

Although these two concepts underlie two different areas, their definitions intersect in the literature of many researchers. This paper contributes for the clarification of these concepts (Fernando Cardoso de Sousa, 2012).

Starting with Creativity, the question ‘What is Creativity?’ should be asked. Creativity plays a vital role in innovation as it is a component in the process of producing great innovations in ideas, products or process. Theorists Newell and Shaw put a sense of producing original, modern and unfamiliar ideas for problem solution. Another group supports theorist Higgins, thinking that creative solution, both new and reintegrated, must bear a value. A novel idea is not a creative idea, as long as it has a value or brings positive effect. So, combining a various interpretation of creativity, it contains origination of new ideas or mixture of familiar and known components into something new, bringing valuable decisions to a problem (Sefertzi, 2000).

Innovation is not able to be realised without creative ideas, as it is the beginning. Innovation is developed when creativity appears under the correct organisational culture. The correct organisational culture is one that takes over creative techniques, the capabilities for an advancement of single and collective creativity competencies (Sefertzi, 2000).

 

BLOCKAGES TO CREATIVITY

Whether a worker is attempting to figure out a difficult problem or commence a business and raise awareness for that business, creative thinking plays a huge role (Hernandez, 2007).

During the process of creation, searching for ways to let creativity thrive should be considered as the presence of “creativity killers” that can appear and suffocate the ability to generate new and excellent ideas (Ciotti, 2013). It is crucial to recognise roadblocks that hamper ideas creation in an organisation because these hurdles jeopardise the creative thinking that further transforms into innovation (Harris, 2008).

There are four potential blockages: perceptual, cultural and environmental, emotional and personal blocks.

 

Perceptual blocks

Perceptual blocks mainly refer to the hindrance of creativity of an individual. There are four potential perceptual blocks:

1. multitasking
2. the proclivity to define the problem too narrowly
3. incapability to see the problem from different angles
4. stereotyping

 

Leonardo da Vinci, a great painter and inventor, challenged plenty of problems by multitasking. When preparing an extravagant meal for the Duke of Milan, he was inspired to improve the current state of technology in the kitchen as stated in Table 1. Eventually, neither of those appliances worked in a proper way and he was doomed to fail (Kelley.Iu.Edu, 2002).

 

NO.	INNOVATIONS	SOLUTIONS
1	Conveyor belts	To bring food to hasten the cooking process
2	Large oven	To cook food at higher temperatures than normal
3	Sprinkler system	To ensure safety in the event of a fire

Table 1: Author’s own

Source: Leonardo da Vinci’s Kitchen Nightmares (Sullivan, 2011)

 

Another issue, stereotyping, harasses all employees. It appears widespread in high-tech firms. Here, staff are so used to seeking technology keys that they ignore the simple, management or procedural ways that quality development can guide to (Godfrey, 2015).

 

Cultural and environmental blocks

Cultural and environmental blocks can apply to both the individual as well as any organisation.

Cultural factors cause constraints of logical thinking, where one is not able to produce a creative idea due to a perception of the individual or society. Leonardo da Vinci had many ideas and it only remained as sketches because most of his ideas were not considered feasible. Society or organisation are often critical and skeptical about new innovations, in the renaissance era, many of his ideas were not accepted.

Leonardo da Vinci had several students who were assisting him in his works during the 1500’s (History.com Staff, 2009) and he was haunted by accusations of his sexuality (Anon, n.d.). This caused some disruption as da Vinci was arrested for it.

Without support or confidence from an organisation or employer, one will not be able to thrive in the area of creativity. Without positive reinforcements, ambition for more creative ideas begins drooping and fading away (Ciotti, 2013). Leonardo da Vinci was commissioned to work on several architectural paintings but never completed them as he then went on to be an engineer for Sforza. His work was revered highly by Sforza and hence da Vinci was tenured for 17 years (Biography.com Editors, n.d.).

Environmental factors also play a role in blockages to creativity. The environment where one works at can be distracting. It impedes staff to think originally. Cleanliness, noise level, room temperature and its preparation are involved in environmental blocks (James, 1999). Resources in an organisation are manpower, funds and assets which can be a blockage too. In addition, the biggest challenge is getting the time to follow their creative enthusiasm (McGuinness, 2011). Also, when employees deal with too many outside limitations they spare more time obtaining more resources than creating (Ciotti, 2013).

 

Emotional blocks

Some circumstances in employees’ lives make it complicated for them to focus on their task (James, 1999). They favour judging ideas instead of creating them. “Who are you to believe you can make anything?”; “Just surrender already” phrases are commonly used (McGuinness, 2011).

The other emotional block is fear of disappointment and the worry that goes with it (Harris, 2008) as well as fear of conceiving it wrong which can become paralysed for a maker (McGuinness, 2011).

All these overthinking issues can be spotted in Leonardo da Vinci’s works. Referring to “The Last Supper” drawing, it is seen that there are too many details painted and somewhere even unnecessarily. Considering a dozen of tiny details in one’s work makes people think overloaded depriving original and creative thinking as well as imagination (Sullivan, 2012).

 

Personal blocks

Some personal blocks include the absence of material and emotional wellbeing, an individual crisis, and alcohol or chemical abuse (James, 1999). Complacency in an organisation is dangerous because it risks being surpassed by their competitors. Moreover, it leads their enthusiasm to decrease which affects the whole organisation (Vessella, 2015).

Leonardo Da Vinci is a bright example of deferring things for later. It took him many years to complete “The Last Supper” as well as the painting called “Mona Lisa” since the beginning (Sullivan, 2012). While procrastinating, people lose lots of energy and time thinking about a solution that they would not have to think about if they had finished it by that time (Pychyl, 2013).

Social media was enabled by the digital revolution and rapid increase in mobile technology from netbooks to tablets, to smartphones and smartwatches. Social media users enjoy all apps such as LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat and WhatsApp and a whole lot more. It is estimated there will be 2.67 billion social network users by 2018. The more alarming statistic is that 14 % of our time is spent on these pages. It means that some of us might spend more than 4 hours per day on these pages, getting seriously addicted to social media and having the fear of missing out.

Here are the social media addiction facts and dangers:

• When you spend more time connecting to the social pages, you are actually spending less time for yourself, your family and your friends.
• When you are addicted, you miss out a lot on your real life. While you have a vacation, instead of enjoying every moment of it, you only focus on taking nice pictures and share it with other people online.
• You gradually lose your ability to focus. In addition, become aggressive even more easily when you cannot get access to your social media pages just for 5 or 10 minutes.
• Scientists have proven that being online on these pages lead to negative feelings such as lonely, bored and even anxious, depressed and self-doubted.

Spending All Your Free Time on Facebook

How much time is too much time? Any longer than two hours in a row or three hours daily on Facebook could be a sign that you have become addicted.

Do you compulsively log in to make status updates? While it is normal to want to let your followers know what major events are happening in your life, you may want to rethink logging in to let them know where you are eating every lunch!

A sign that strongly indicates you are addicted to social media is that you lose time. Do the minutes turn into hours and you find yourself immersed in your newsfeed? You may be addicted.

Whether you are trawling your Facebook news feed, uploading a photo on Instagram, or posting a tweet, you find there is no shortage of ways to waste time on social media.

Students admit most of the time they are procrastinating, but sites like Twitter and Facebook also allow them to keep up with what is happening.

Their compulsion is spurred on by the rush of excitement she gets when people “like” their posts or when others mention in their updates.

Social media addiction’ has been recognized as an official condition in the UK, with London clinics treating hundreds of sufferers a year.

It follows a study from the University of Chicago that found social media can be more addictive than cigarettes and alcohol.

The research found social media features such as ‘retweets’ and “likes” give users a boost of feel-good brain chemicals, while a lack of endorsement can provoke anger and anxiety.

How to fight this addiction?

Here are some of the most effective things you can do to prevent and deal with social media addiction:

1. Disable Alerts

Get used to quickly jump to your page when there is a new notification appearing on the phone’s screen. The worse thing here is that people do not only check for the notification, 2 minutes later, they often find themselves wondering around. Therefore, the first thing to get rid of the addiction is to disable the push notification of these social networking apps. This would remind you less of the app every now and then.

2. Focus

You do not need to know what happens to everyone on Earth. Therefore, you should unfollow most of the social media page of celebrities. Choose to follow only a few of them only. Furthermore, you can sort out the list of your Facebook into smaller groups such as friends, family, colleagues and total strangers so that you can check updates from the groups that really matter to you only.

3. Set a timer

First, set the amount of time you would use for checking your social media pages daily. You should think about the time when you log on your social media pages as well. If you cannot resist the urge of checking these pages every 5 minutes, divide your time.

Then when you go on these pages, start a timer. When the time runs out, you should log out. It would need a lot of determination to prevent yourself from staying for a few more minutes but you soon will realize how much time you have for doing other things else.

It is really good if you can buy an alarm clock for the timer. Reducing your reliance on your phone is one step to beat social media addiction.

4. Check with purpose

Before you go on your Facebook page, ask yourself if you have any specific positive reason such as replying to a message or finding a contact from your old friend.

Social media is an integral part of our lives, it helps overcoming geographic distances and sharing knowledge around the world. Nevertheless, some companies have been exploiting its entertaining features for their own profit, they commercialize our lives, enjoy to see us wasting our time, so I am here to help.

Lastly, although we can easily connect with anyone around the world, we face difficulties while talking face-to-face with the important ones. Let us think about it, let us disconnect to stay connected in real life with real relationships.

To write a thesis, for most majors you need to study the contribution of other researchers of the problem. Simply put, you need more than books and scientific journals (though now much of the information can be obtained in electronic form, which reduces the height of the barricades of books and photocopies on the Desk).

So how to find material for the thesis? How to do a literature search for less time?

The scientific Director will require, together with the plan of the thesis and a list of references, which will be the base graduate student. And rightly so, because the list becomes a reference point for the student, arranging chaotic in search of materials.

In addition, by studying the bibliography, the teacher can at this stage to provide serious help to recommend some important materials or to erase the excess. Draft list of references can be expanded, but overall, as a plan becomes the basis for the thoughtful and measured work on a degree.

Types of sources

Depending on the specialty, the list of references includes from several tens to several hundreds. Traditional recommendations for the compilation of this list are reduced to the strict command to work with library catalogues and bibliographic references. But we know 11 life hacks which will help you to make the process of researching literature for the thesis a little more easy, and will allow you to find the materials that facilitate the writing of the diploma.

As a support, take a list of literature review structure on the topic of your term papers (if they match on the problems with graduate study that often happens).

View a list of recommended literature on your topic in encyclopedias, reference books, textbooks. Since the thesis is usually narrow for the big catch cannot count, but some literature, especially of a General nature, to find succeed. You have, at least, formed the center for bibliographic spiral that you can gradually promote.

What is the purpose of a literature review?

You have in your hands a great tool the Internet. With it looking for publications on your topic. I think it’s Captain Obvious here crucified? Nope. As practice shows, many students somehow do not know that it is best to use for this purpose specialized search engines such as Google scholar, as well as specialized electronic library.

Burning chip: others diplomas and thesis will provide you with lists of suitable literature (already selected information from the churning of the ocean). This is perhaps the rare case when banks will be useful abstracts. Plus, this method that you can find the names of suitable articles, not burying binder scientific journals. Pay special attention not even on the list of references (students and graduate students love to poke all more or less related to the topic, anyhow more) and on links. You will have the page numbers in articles and monographs, where you can learn the right material.

How to organize a literature review

All the same applies to articles, books on your topic. Again, more attention is paid to the reference as lists of references, especially books, is very extensive. In fact minus a multi-page bibliography, they have a lot of books that you do not need. The obvious plus is that databases for research papers don’t cut corners with pages, like a graduate.

Look in the electronic dissertation hall and see if there’s something suitable for your topic. Open access dissertations are laid out, so you have a chance to neatly not only references, but any piece of work.

Still little material? Work with library catalogs. Now they are almost all electronic and even integrated with the Internet. Yeah, the Board on life hacking is not particularly drawn, but there is one caveat: almost any library can order recruitment materials for your topic. Well, Yes, money. But save time, especially when working in the hall of foreign theoretical literature at a mediocre language skills. Minus: there is a risk that the librarian is not deep enough understanding of your subject, skip the book or article that you’d taken in independent exploration.

Especially botany buried in the bibliographic reference. The majority of students is unlikely to accomplish such a feat. But there are issues on which, without such a reference is not enough. For example, if you need to find the diaries and memoirs of statesmen of the Empire, the easiest way is not to go through the catalogue and take a bibliography, which lists all memorizes of the period.

Foreign burgonet. Search for suitable materials in not an easy thing, especially for a person with a high school level foreign languages. But you can find the appropriate materials that have not been translated and therefore not be “read” by the system. You know what we mean? Using both paragraphs 5 and 9 of our list of life hacks can be very nice to simplify your life.

Don’t hesitate to ask for help to the teacher in order to facilitate their job search materials. Of course, not go empty handed: make a little list with paragraph 2, complain that can’t find anything. Probably will provide you multiple flagships, based on which you can write most of the work. And the rest will finish with hacking 4 and 5.

Oh and there is one way to make a quality list of references the easiest, maximum saves you time. To entrust this task. Usually the materials looking the same author that will write you a diploma, but you can also place a separate order for compiling the list of references. In the article “do I need to pay for the preparation of the list of references?” we’ll talk in detail about who, how and why gives such orders.

If you want to write a good work plan is needed. After all, writing without a plan is chaotic, not thought out, the idea of “wandering circle”. So, we need to learn how to write a paper fast and to properly execute the plan. And it’s not easy.

How to quickly write a paper

As the title of the plan submitted, as a rule, not single words and not sentences, and detailed phrases. Individual words are too narrow, specific, main idea or theme them to transfer quite difficult. But complex sentences are not suitable, because what is already finished and completed the thought. Everything I wanted to say is said. It was the phrase more appropriate for the plan. It is a kind of semantic unity that carries information in a collapsed view. And in the writing of this information “takes place”, the idea is disclosed. The purpose of an outline for an informative essay is to make a structure of essay before writing.

But there is language in the form of questions that work answers.

It is important to remember that the plan carries information about how you constructed your reflection essay outline. Specific information on the content of each part. The essay must be “viewed” through the plan.

Every essay consists of three parts.

1. Introduction.
2. The main part (which includes a few paragraphs).
3. Conclusion.

The nature of the work should correspond to the subject, to be logically consistent. Remember: the plan you write primarily for yourself!

Although clean copy plan you may not require, in the draft it better be it will help you organize your thoughts, select the appropriate material, to reject the unnecessary.

Given a concrete plan how to write an essay on the exam on social science. It consists of 7 important items:

• Plan
• Quote.
• The problem raised by the author; its relevance.
• The meaning of the utterance.
• Own point of view.
• The argument on a theoretical level.

At least annotated outline example of social practices, history and/or literature, which confirms the accuracy of the opinions voiced. Conclusion.

Now consider step by step all the recommendations that are important to consider when writing an essay. Comment on each item of our plan for the essay.

1. Selection statements:

• Selecting statements for essays, you need to be sure that you own the basic concepts underlying the science to which it relates;
• clearly understand the meaning of the utterance;
• can Express own opinion (completely or partially agree with the statement or to refute it);
• know social science terms that are necessary for the proper justification of personal positions on a theoretical level (the used terms and concepts must clearly correspond to the topic of the essay and not to go beyond it);
• will be able to give examples of social practices, history, literature, and personal life experience to confirm their own opinions.

2. Definition of the problem statement.

For a more precise formulation of the problem, we offer you a list of possible language problems, which occur most frequently.

To the problem it is necessary to return periodically throughout the process of writing an essay. This is necessary in order to correctly reveal its contents, and do not accidentally go beyond problems and not get involved in arguments not related to the meaning of this statement (this is one of the most common mistakes of many essays).

3. The wording of the main idea statements

Next, you need to uncover the meaning of the utterance, but do not repeat verbatim the statement. In this case you can use the following body outlines templates.

4. The definition of its position to the statement

Here we can agree with the author fully, partially, denying a certain part of the statement, or argue with the author, expressing the opposite opinion. You can make use of phrases, clichés. Argument their own opinions.

Next, you must justify your own opinion on this issue. This requires identifying arguments (proofs), that is, remember the basic terms, theoretical terms.

The argument must be made on two levels:

Theoretical level it is the basis of social science knowledge (concepts, terms, controversies, schools of thought, relationships, and opinions scientists, thinkers).

Experiential level here two variants are possible.

The proposed form allows to strictly control the adequacy of the arguments being presented and prevent “avoiding the topic”.

Conclusion

Finally, it is necessary to formulate a conclusion. An outline for an informative essay should not literally be the same judgment, according to the study: it brings together in one or two sentences the main ideas of the arguments and sums up the arguments, confirming the fidelity or infidelity of the judgment which was the subject of the essay.

Wikipedia can provide users worldwide millions of articles on a wide spectrum of topics. Important question: “Is it OK to cite Wikipedia?” And it is the first line in the search engines for multiple requests. How can you not resist the temptation and not to use this most complete and affordable online encyclopedia for arguing their point of view? But just as often these arguments are breaking on concrete rebuke to opponents: “I Found also an authoritative source! You have another grandmother on the bench referred to!”

Is Wikipedia a reliable source for academic research?

Publishing house “Young scientist” will help you to understand why Wikipedia cannot be considered a credible source when writing a scientific article, dissertation or monograph, and what benefits you can still learn from this vast and entertaining store of knowledge.

Let’s start with the main issue why you can not fully rely on information from Wikipedia, and therefore should refrain from quoting it in research.

How to cite Wikipedia as a source:

1. The first and most important reason it is written in the “Wikipedia”: “Wikipedia not regarded as a reliable source.” The quality of articles of Wikipedia is also unequal: some of them can be very high quality, others are nothing more than garbage. This alone is enough to be critical of the information contained therein. Those who wish to come to the point, focus on the following five points.
2. The meaning of “Wikipedia” as a “people’s encyclopedia” is that it can edit anyone who has access to the Internet. So it is very easy to fill inaccurate information, false facts. Although in most cases the acts of “vandalism” are stopped, and the articles appear to due mind, sometimes, distorted due to negligence or malicious intent of the article can hang on a few months, introducing readers astray.
3. Refer to the question of which sources are acceptable to use and quote research. Such sources are traditionally recognized as the official and scientific publications. Popular science, literary and art publication is only allowed as a subject of study. Textbooks and reference books to use in scientific papers is not recommended. The exception is made only for the most reputable scientific peer-reviewed publications. Everything about reference books, can be applied to Wikipedia.
4. To assess the accuracy of any information that should answer two questions: “Who wrote this?” and “Why is it written?”. The accuracy of the information, we often estimate, based on the authority of its author. So, we are going to trust the conclusions of a famous scientist than a beginner in this field. As for Wikipedia, then it you won’t find the answer to any question outlined in the beginning of this paragraph. Any article no author as such: the majority of the creators of Wikipedia are anonymous, they hide under aliases, and we can’t find out who they really are, and, accordingly, cannot judge if they deserve trust.
5. Despite the fact that technically, Wikipedia should Express a neutral point of view, resource managers often use their capabilities for inclusion in the article confirming their own concept. How to find the author of a Wikipedia page? Widely known at the time, got the English editor of Wikipedia since 2003, William Connolly, rewrote over 5,000 articles in accordance with the supported theory of global warming more than 2,000 disagree with his point of view.
6. You can’t rely on any one source of knowledge, even the most authoritative. To human. In scientific publications, however, the probability of error is minimized. Dealing with a scientific monograph from the University library or an article from an academic journal, we know that several reputable scientists evaluated it and worthy of publication, over her job the editors and proofreaders. As for the sites (unless, of course, not a reputable scientific organization), the quote information contained therein not the best idea. The duty of the scientist is to question and to verify any information, evaluate and compare sources. And Wikipedia is no exception.

However, using Wikipedia as a source can be an excellent tool of research of a problem if you use it correctly.

How to cite Wikipedia in an essay

1. Wikipedia can be a source of initial information about the study question, the introduction to the topic. This is a great resource for learning difficult subjects, for a better understanding of the issue and its linkages to other, related problems. Found use to find other credible sources.
2. Wikipedia can be used as a context dictionary. Each article of Wikipedia is thematically linked to many other articles with hyperlinks. This will allow you to find other terms and concepts related to the research topic, will certainly stimulate thoughts and to delve deeper into the research question.
3. Wikipedia is a source for finding new sources. The information contained in Wikipedia, it often contains a link to the source citation, and it can be a useful and authoritative source. How to cite Wikipedia in a bibliography? Use it for citations. Just don’t forget to familiarize with source citation and to ensure that this information is really there.
4. Wikipedia can be used for more General information about the subject that you have forgotten and that there is no need to confirm the link to the source. For example, you can look at it any important dates, conditions for the occurrence of physical or chemical phenomena, the names of the founders of the famous company’s or country’s population. However, you should not rely in this matter on Wikipedia, and it is better to check these data for other reference books.
5. The feature of Wikipedia is that in the tab “History” of each article, history of changes made to the article with the first to the last moment. And each reader has the opportunity to recover any kind of text with one click. Here you can get information about controversial issues on your topic.

Armed with a healthy dose of skepticism, you can make a “Wikipedia” the starting point of their research, but do not assume its truth and to use the information for citations or argumentation of his point of view.

People with different sexual orientation in our society in General are pretty cool. One in six (15%) considers them to be ordinary men and women, but do not want to communicate with them personally. Others call homosexuality a disease: a medical nature (20%) or social (15%). Another 20 percent perceive them as extremely dangerous and even suggest to isolate them from society (since 2004 this share grew more than 1.5 times from 12%). Among those who have friends homosexuals, I agree only 4%, and among those in whose company no such people 22%. So, it’s no another essay against gay marriage, we try to get to the truth.

Research paper on gay marriage legalization shows 22% of respondents they do not believe that people should somehow be differentiated by their sexual preferences. Most often this view is held familiar with the sexual minorities personally (55%, two times more than the average for the sample), young people (30% of 18 to 24 years), atheist (30%).

The marriages of gays and lesbians of our compatriots today are more categorical than it was 10 years ago: in 2004, the right to official registration of relationships of persons of the same sex completely refused 59% today 80% (most were men 86%, women 75%). Reduced the proportion convinced that homosexuals are unable to enter into marriage (from 14% to 8%, respectively). Respondents who have friends among homosexuals support this proposal significantly more often (28%). Another 6% admit both positive and negative aspects of this possibility.

The question of what position should be taken by the state against same-sex couples, respondents opinions were divided, but to empower them straight spouses in General offer a few. So, only 3% of survey participants agree that homosexuals should be granted the right to create a full family, including the education of foster children. Another 3% offer to allow them to marry, but without the possibility of adoption.

Gay marriage research paper gives us one in ten (12%) believes that the government should protect homosexuals from discrimination, but it does not allow them to enter into marriage and take on the upbringing of children. A third of respondents (32%) suggests not to pay much attention to non-traditional, orientation, and they are not to show their biases too demonstrative. More intransigent position is shared by 41% of respondents they said homosexuals should be persecuted.

Reason why gay marriage should be legal

Commenting on the findings, Director of communications, said: “the results of the study demonstrate the value of the boundary between the population of Western countries. Thus, according to the Ipsos Agency, same-sex marriage approve 91% of Swedes, 89% of Spaniards, 82% English, 65% of Americans. The figure is significantly reduced while moving to the East, to countries with a more traditional way: in China, according to sociological services, we see about 40% approve of same-sex unions in Japan just over 50%. But is much here (about 2 times) more conservative than even China. It is interesting that we are moving in counter-current, reinforcing, contrary to global trends, the rejection of homosexuality. Therefore, reasons to allow gay marriage can serve as one of the parameters of national identity”.