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Content

1. Introduction

2. Aspect and Tense of the English Verb in Theoretical Grammar

2.1 The history of the English verb

2.2 The characteristic of the Modern English verbs

2.3 Tense of the English Verbs

2.4 Peculiarities of Aspect in English

3. Conclusion

4. Works cited

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

In the English language, the verb
is one of the main and most important word classes. The term originates from Latin where it meant “word”. Verbs are used to express actions, processes, states or events. Verbs tell us what happens in a situation involving the noun (the subject of the sentence) and provide us the grammatical information. In the sentence verb is usually used as a predicator, and it also plays central role in the clause. None of the grammatically correct English sentences can exist without a verb. The verb indicates the necessity and the role of the other elements of the clause; it shows the connection between the discourse and the event in objective reality.

The aim of the present work is to show the peculiarities of modern English verbs, connected with their tense and aspect grammatical categories, and to detect their justification in the whole history of the English language. The main task of the work is to analyze the structure and usage of English verbs in different tenses and aspects. The methods
used in the present work are analysis, comparative method and similitude.

The verb possesses the ability to define a process proceeding in time. The difficulty of this part of speech is not only in the structure of its various grammatical categories, but also in its subclass divisions and falling into two sets of different forms: the finite and non-finite forms.  The verb holds the grammatical categories of tense, aspect, finitude, voice, person, mood, number and phase. These categories may be expressed either synthetically (within the word itself with the use of affixes and inflections) or analytically (within the sentence using prepositions).

In the present work the two main grammatical categories are examined. Tense is a grammatical category that locates an event or a process in time, to show when the situation occurs. It denotes the relation of the event to the moment of speech. Aspect
is a grammatical category that expresses how an action, event or state, denoted by a verb, relates to the flow of time[1]. This concept is based on distinction between perfective and imperfective aspects. The interrelation between tense and aspect is obvious. The tenses are classified according to the idea of duration or completeness of the action expressed by the verb.

The complex structure of the verb in grammar accompanies English during the long existence of this language. Its roots can be found in old history of the English language.

The information above was given to facilitate understanding of the use of English verbs in the Indicative Mood. This mood represents actions or events as real facts. The Indicative Mood contains the category of tense.

Each utterance demands an indication if the event is happening at the moment of speech, or it has happened earlier, or it is expected to happen later. Grammatical tense is the set of the verb forms that determines the definite point in time or a certain period in past, present or future. We receive the set of forms referent to the definite tense by adding the inflections to the basic form of the verbs or including auxiliary and modal verbs into the verb group. [5]

If you want to emphasize the time of an event, you should used a time adjunct – an adverb, a noun group or a prepositional phrase that indicates the time of the action. Adjunct usually takes place in the end of the sentence, but it can either be put in the beginning to accent the time. Every grammatical tense in English has its own adjuncts that help us to define the tense, e.g., adjunct tomorrow shows us that the Future Tense is used in the phrase.

There are different approaches in classification of the English grammatical tenses. Traditionally, 12 tenses are distinguished in English Grammar. But this classification does not include all the Passive tenses and the category of Future-in-the-Past. Russian grammarian Yury Golitzinsky distinguished 16 tenses of the Active voice and 10 tenses of the Passive voice (to sum up – 26 tenses). [6] According to the point of view of B.A. Ilyish the time is represented in English by the three tenses (past, present and future), each of which can appear in the common and in the continuous aspect. He also distinguishes future-in-the-past as a separate form. [7] A. A. Rivlina says that the English tense system consists of four verbal tense forms: the present, the past, the future, and the future-in-the-past.

As it was mentioned, in Old English the tenses were divided into two big groups – past and present. Later the Future forms appeared, though they are composed only with the help of auxiliaries and modal verbs and they do not possess special verb forms or inflections. Each group of tenses – Present, Past and Future – are used in four aspects.

Present Tenses

If we discuss the current deals, we usually use the verb in the form of the Present tense. The simplest tense of this group is Present Indefinite (Simple) – it is used to describe the present activities or to talk about routines or habits.

We use it in the following cases:

to express statements, facts or habitual actions in the present: My father works in Moscow.

to state the universal truths: The sun sets in the West.

to describe the current feelings, emotions or abilities: I hear approaching feet.

to express the Future simple after certain conjunctions (when, after, before, etc.): If he gets a good rest, he’ll be his usual self tomorrow.

in timetables: The plane arrives at 6-30.

to express the action with non-progressive verbs: I believe I understand her.

The Present Simple is formed in the following way:

The Subject + Infinitive without “to” + -s/-es inflection in 3rd person.

These are the adjuncts of the Present Simple: always, ever, every day, generally, never, occasionally, often, seldom, rarely, regularly, sometimes, usually.

The next tense of this group is Present Progressive (Continuous). The Present Continuous is mainly used to express the idea that something is happening at the moment of speaking.

It is used in the situations below:

an action is going on at the moment of speaking: I am reading my lectures now, don’t disturb me.

an action is going on at the present period of time: I’m slimming (not just now, but at present).

changing situations and processes: The story is getting more and more interesting.

expressing irritation: You are always cheating on exams!

near future: He is returning on Tuesday.

The Present Continuous is formed in the following way:

The Subject + auxiliary verb to be + Participle I

These are the adjuncts of the Present Simple: now, at the moment, still, constantly, always.

Next tense is the Present Perfect Simple. It is used to express actions that happened at an indefinite time or that began in the past and continue in the present. This tense is also used when an activity has an effect on the present moment.

The following actions are used with the Present Perfect:

Actions which happened at an indefinite (unknown) time before now: I have already been to Paris.

Actions in the past which have an effect on the present moment: I have already eaten the dinner, so I’m not hungry.

Actions which began in the past and continue in the present: Mary has worked as a teacher for over 25 years.

The Present Perfect is formed in the following way:

The Subject + auxiliary verb to have + Participle II

These are the adjuncts of the Present Perfect: ever, already, just, before, never, yet, so far.

The last form of this group is the
Present Perfect Progressive. The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense expresses the actions that have started in the past and are still continuing. We use it:

when the action or progress has started in the past and continue in the present: He has been painting the house for 5 hours already.

when the action has recently stopped: Look at her eyes! I’m sure she has been crying. 

with the temporary actions and situations: I have been working as a waitress for the past week.

The Present Perfect Continuous is formed in the following way:

The Subject + auxiliary verb to have + auxiliary verb to be in Past Participle + Participle I of the main verb

Past Tenses

When we speak about the past, we need the adjunctions of the peat tenses to point out the exact time that we mean. The simplest tense of this group is Past Indefinite (Simple) – it is used to describe the activities that happened in exact time of the past.

We use it to express the following:

Events in the past are now finished: I went to college 3 years ago.

Situation in the past: In happened in the 19th century.

A series of actions in the past: He entered a room, lit a cigarette and smiled at the guests.

The Past Simple is formed in the following way:

The Subject + The Past Simple form of the main verb / -ed inflection

These are the adjuncts of the Past Simple: yesterday, a year ago, last week, just now, the other day.

The next tense of this group is Past Progressive (Continuous). The Past Continuous is mainly used to express the idea that something was happening during some time in the past.

It is used to express:

Duration in the past: I was learning my French from 8 till 9 yesterday.

Interrupted actions in progress: The door suddenly opened when she was taking a shower.

Actions in progress at the same time in the past: I was watching TV and Barbara was reading a book.

Irritation: He was always disturbing me!

Polite question: I was thinking you might help me with this problem.

The Past Continuous is formed in the following way:

The Subject + auxiliary verb to be in the Past Simple form + Participle I

Next tense is the Past Perfect Simple. It is used to emphasize that an action in the past finished before another action in the past started. This tense is also used in reported speech, third conditional sentences, or to show dissatisfaction with the past.

The following actions are used with the Past Perfect:

Completed action before another action in the past: I had just finished my homework when John came in.

Third conditional sentences: If I had known about it before I would have never made this mistake.

Reported speech: He told me he had read this book already.

Dissatisfaction with the past: I wish I had taken more food. I’m hungry now.

The Past Perfect is formed in the following way:

The Subject + auxiliary verb to have in the Past Simple form + Participle II

These are the adjuncts of the Past Perfect: ever, already, just, before, never, yet, so far.

The last form of this group is the
Past Perfect Progressive. The Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense is used to talk about actions or situations that were in progress before some other actions or situations. There are also other uses.

Duration of a past action up to a certain point in the past: The boys had been quarreling for half an hour when we arrived home.

Showing cause of an action or situation: I had to go on a diet because I had been eating too much sugar.

Third conditional sentences: If it hadn’t been raining, we would have gone to the park.

Reported speech: She said she knew Charlie had been lying to her.

The Past Perfect Continuous is formed in the following way:

The Subject + auxiliary verb to have in the Past Simple form + auxiliary verb to be in Past Participle + Participle I of the main verb

Future Tenses

We cannot talk about the future with the same sureness as if we talk about the past or the present. The Future Tense in English expresses your plans or ideas about what will happen. The simplest tense of this group is Future Indefinite (Simple) – it is used to describe the present activities or to talk about routines or habits.

We use it in the following cases:

to express action that will take place in future: He will finish his work tomorrow.

to express spontaneous decisions: I will close the door.

to express repeated actions in the future: He will stay after the lessons every Monday for two weeks.

The Future Simple is formed in the following way:

The Subject + auxiliary verb will/shall + the Infinitive without “to”

These are the adjuncts of the Future Simple: tomorrow, in a day, next week.

The next tense of this group is Future Progressive (Continuous). The Future Continuous is mainly used to express the idea that something will be happening during exact time in the future.

It is used in the situations below:

an action will be continuing in the future: He will be studying tomorrow at eight.

an action predicted by the speaker: I must hurry, my mom will be worrying about me.

The Future Continuous is formed in the following way:

The Subject + auxiliary verb will/shall + auxiliary verb to be + Participle I

Next tense is the Future Perfect Simple. It is used to express actions that will happen by an exact moment in the future: She will have learned the news before this letter reaches her.

The Future Perfect is formed in the following way:

The Subject + auxiliary verb will/shall + auxiliary verb to have + Participle II

These are the adjuncts of the Future Perfect:  by that time, by then, by Sunday, by now, by the end of the year, by summer.

The last form of this group is the
Future Perfect Progressive. This form is used very rare but it still exists. The Future Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense expresses the actions that have started in the past, were continuing for some time and will be in a process until the certain moment of time in the future: They will have been working for this firm for twenty years next May.

The Future Perfect Continuous is formed in the following way:

The Subject + auxiliary verb will/shall + auxiliary verb to have + auxiliary verb to be in Past Participle + Participle I of the main verb

The Manifesto of a new education system: from the enlightenment to education. Problems of education are not associated with good or evil intentions of the reformers of the system, and underestimating the scale of changes required: the older system of successive local changes attempted to be brought into conformity with the new realities.

How to organize a binder for high school

In the result the old system was broken, but meet the new requests system is not built.

Feature of modern education is the change of subjectivity of the participants. New subjectivity dictates a lot of new individual requests, you need to understand and to formalize. Meet different requests requires coordination of the interests of all involved in the educational process subjects. The college binder organization of multiple queries requires a corresponding restructuring of the education system and, above all, structures, control system, remaining essentially unchanged. The experience of reforms has shown that even democratic law on education may not limit their usual authoritarian and Intrusive bureaucracy.

In this document we declare the General principles of restructuring. Details and detailed rules of engagement updated entities require separate consideration.

Best way to organize notes

Today there is no shortage of information and the teacher is not the only and the best source. Information available in any quantity, orientation and form of anyone. The student from passive object of education becomes an independent subject.

Under these conditions of enforced education in the external choice became very inefficient. More important is the ability to create conditions to motivate the student to learn.

The new subjectivity of the pupil requires an individual education program. At the same time, not everyone is ready to activate the self-selection that masks new subjectivity against the backdrop of massive loss of motivation to learn. Rate to support active students gradual promotion of new educational relations on the background of maintaining the traditional, but under the responsibility of the students themselves and their parents, and not the universal one for all program.

Organization tips for college students

In connection with the change in the relationship with the student and need of formation of individual educational trajectories, requires new competencies and even bundle the traditional single profession of a teacher for a few different types of activities.

Once the state was the customer education and determined the need for specialists. Gradually, as the saturation of the acute staffing needs and improve the level of education of society, the state cannot fulfill this function. Without explicit customer education is impossible to form reasonable criteria for assessing the quality of education.

Fashion for a variety of ratings and evaluations based on contrived options are useful only for the formal comparison between themselves and someone from the outside. It is necessary to institutionalize all possible types of customers in the education and give them the opportunity to form your order.

College organizing tips:

• the student (parent) on the basis of their educational needs, including on the basis of the evaluation of the labor market,
• the state, represented by specific departments and territories, given the different interests at different levels and local characteristics,
• business, given its differences in scale and dynamics of development,
• educational organization that has a stable demand or external relations.

The government, as a responsible Manager, which gives constitutional guarantees, may act as a regulator of supply and demand. It can further stimulate those educational organizations that provide the most in-demand educational demands.

Many peculiarities of the English verbs were developed during the Old English period and fixed in Middle English. The verbs were falling into two subclasses: finite and non-finite. The verb in its finite forms could possess the categories of person, number, tense, aspect voice and mood. The non-finite forms (Verbals) are the Infinitive, Participle I, Participle II and the Gerund. Verbals do not function as true verbs. [3] Verbals can function as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.

English verbs are also classified into notional and structural. Notional verbs are so-called main verbs; they possess a lexical meaning on their own. Structural verbs (modals, link verbs and auxiliary verbs) do not have an independent syntactic function or lexical meaning. They are always connected with other words. Usually grammarians also distinguish so-called semi-notional verbs. These verbs can be used either on their own or as auxiliaries (start, stop, must, may, can).

Verbs are the base of any English sentence, so they are used frequently in the discourse. Aida Saakyan, Modern English grammarian, claims that the most frequent notional verbs of the English language are “to say” (4500 uses per million words), ‘to get”(3400 uses) and “to go” (3300 uses). Though the structural verbs are used more often. The diagram of English notional verbs’ frequency by Saakyan is given in Appendix 1.

We can see from the history of English that verbs have fallen into two groups according to their conjugation – weak regular verbs and strong irregular verbs. In Modern English the regular verbs is the largest group. The Past Simple form and Past Participle of these verbs are formed with the help of suffix -ed that originated from the fusion of two Old English affixes: base-forming -i- (-e-) and past tense forming    -d- (-t-).

There are nearly 500 irregular verbs in Modern English including the archaic ones. Online-source UsingEnglish.com even claims that there are 620 irregular verbs in total. [4] But in fact we use actively no more than 200 of them. Irregular verbs compose the past form according to the traditional patterns.

Though irregular verbs are said not to obey the general rules, they can be subdivided according to the patterns of their modification. In the present work I tried to divide them by convention into 13 groups:

Group 1.
The verbs that belong to this group have one and the same form in the Infinitive, Past Simple and Participle two.  Here are some examples from this group:

burst	burst	burst
hit	hit	hit
put	put	put

More examples are available in Appendix 2.

We can see that some words of this group, like, for example, to burst, nowadays accept the regular conjunction also
[1]:

burst

bursted

bursted

Group 2.
The Past Tense and Past Participle forms of these verbs  are composed with the help of the flexion “-ought” (rarely – “-aught”).

buy	bought	bought
teach	taught	taught
think	thought	thought

The verb “to buy” also has an archaic form of Participle II – “boughten”.

Group 3.
The final consonant “-d” in the stem changes into “-t” in both forms.

bend	bent	bent
lend	lent	lent
spend	spent	spent

Here some of the verbs can also accept the affix “-ed” in Modern English.

bend

bended

bended

 

Group 4.
The root vowel “-i-“ changes into diphthong “-ou-”.

find	found	found
grind	ground	ground
wind	wound	wound

The words from this group have one more peculiarity – the letter “-i-“ is read here as [ai], though the syllable is closed. This helps, for example, to distinguish the verb “to wind” ([waind]) from the noun “wind” ([wind]).

The verb “to grind” accept the “-ed” inflection in Past Simple form.

grind

grinded

ground

Group 5.
The root vowel before “-ng” changes into “-u-“. Usually the root vowel is “-i-“.

cling	clung	clung
dig	dug	dug
sting	stung	stung

Some verbs of this group are also becoming regular.

dig

digged

digged

The verb “to sting” can accept two forms in Past Simple:

sting

stang

stung

Thus, it can be also classified to Group 10 (see below).

Group 6.
The long [i:] changes into the short [e]. Some verbs of these group also accept the consonant “-t” or “-d-“ at the end of the stem.

flee	fled	fled
keep	kept	kept
kneel	knelt	knelt

The verb “to kneel” can also be used as a regular verb.

kneel

kneeled

kneeled

Group 7. The verbs save their vowel but accept the consonant “-t” (rarely – “-d-“) at the end of the stem. In some cases we can notice the reduction of vowels.

burn	burnt	burnt
dwell	dwelt	dwelt
learn	learnt	learnt

Most of these verbs can also be used as regular ones. In Group 7 this variation is more frequent than in the other groups.

burn	burned	burned
dwell	dwelled	dwelled
learn	learned	learned

Group 8. The Past Simple and Participle II forms do not obey the principles of the Groups 1-7, but they still coincide.

lose	lost	lost
make	made	made
strike	struck	struck

The verb “to strike” can also have another form in Past Participle. So it can be also classified as the verb of the Group 12.

strike

struck

striken

Group 9. One of the forms coincides with the infinitive. It can be either Past Tense, or Past Participle.

come	came	come
run	ran	run
beat	beat	beaten

The verb “to beat” can also be treated as the verb of Group 1.

beat

beat

beat

Group 10. The root vowels change according to the pattern:

“-i- > -a- > -u-“. This group is the closest descendant of Germanic/Old English strong verbs (i-class).

begin	began	begun
drink	drank	drunk
spring	sprang	sprung

Group 11. In the Past Simple form the verb changes the root vowel. Participle II has “-n-“ at the end of the stem; it also usually changed the root vowel.

bear	bore	born
blow	blew	blown
draw	drew	drown

Group 12. The Past Simple form does not coincide with the infinitive and with the Participle II. Participle II has “-en-“ at the end of the stem; its root vowel coincides with the infinitive’s root vowel.

arise	arose	arisen
bite	bit	bitten
break	broke	broken

Group 13. The Past Simple and Participle II forms do not obey the principles of any patterns. Here suppletive verbs can be found.

be	was	been
do	did	done
go	went	gone
lie	lay	lain

We can come to the conclusion that the structure of verb conjugation in Modern English aims at simplification. The verbs from six groups of thirteen show their tendency to accept affixation instead of root vowels alternation.

The most common pattern is the one of Group 8. Out of 140 words analyzed 20 verbs (14,29%) belong with this group. The frequency of patterns used for creating the past forms of the irregular verbs is shown in Appendix 3.

Friendship definition

But love and fulfill their desires, a dream about that next to them there were always those who understand them, will support, protect, helping hand, listen and it will not require anything in return and it’s not about your parents or the loved ones and friends. But real friends are a gift. So what is true friendship and how not to get it wrong and friend was suddenly not the man.

Definition of a true friend

Friendship resembles love. It is so unpredictable, desirable and truly priceless, because as rare. Do meet real friends, no less difficult than someone who will make happy. After all friendships include not just communication, but also support in the most difficult situations, full acceptance of the friend as he is. Unlike romantic relationships, in friendships no one is trying to remake itself. People communicate, because together they are good.

They become friends only when both feel in each other’s company for comfort. And these relationships do not survive such periods of crazy passion, calm, love and disappointment. And don’t expect they are apart of something supernatural and they fight much less than lovers, between which burning feeling. People are friends with those who they like as a person, someone who causes no rejection, does not require too much and are not offended for any reason.

Friendship is a close relationship between people, not burdened by unfounded expectations and hopes. Her people do not dissolve and do not lose themselves, as it sometimes happens in love. On the contrary, the friendship helps them to feel more secure, more confident. Because the realization that you will come to the rescue, instills confidence in their abilities. No longer as scary as when he is alone. He has someone to lean on, someone to ask advice. He knows that a true friend will not give and will not put their goals above it.

As the great say “We don’t need much friends, but in the knowledge that they will come to our aid when we need it”.

What is the true meaning of friendship

When talking about friendship, of course, it is worth to mention its main component – trust. It determines whether people consider someone a friend or not. When they can’t trust someone, they’ll never call him a friend, do not let close. Even someone you were friends for many years, after the betrayal they removed from their lives. Because friendship is unconditional trust between people.

People get from those who I trust the most intimate understanding, which they so often lack. They know that friend will not judge, will understand, will calm, will listen, will not taunt, criticize, humiliate. He will always be on his side, even if all turn against him. When people are not confident that they will receive it from a person who wants to communicate with them more closely, they wouldn’t call him a friend. Without trust and confidence in the friendship cannot be and speeches.

Men to make friends much easier, they share a lot of interests, they don’t have so many responsibilities to maintain home comfort and upbringing of children. Women to tear myself an extra minute, just to talk to friends is not easy, especially if the husband is too jealous or tyrant. This is why male friendships are much more common than the female, and not because of female friendship does not happen.

The features and quality of friendship

Before you call someone a friend or yourself to become one, you need to understand what qualities are needed so that people were friends, what signs indicate that this person is indeed a true friend that you can always ask for help and can guarantee they will get that help.

Friendship does not happen without mutual interest, sympathy, desire to help, care for, Hobbies that you share.

It dies without communication, meetings, discussion of personal problems, willingness to spend your time on another person.

Writing about friendship

It’s mandatory characteristics are the understanding and desire to deal with what is bothering the person at any point in time, willingness to help, no matter how it was hard or inconvenient.

But without respect for the personal lives of other can not do, even if he or she is always ready to drop everything and come on the first call. Very soon this selfish attitude will cause them to open their eyes to what they are used for their own purposes, not allowing them to build their lives the way they want. True friendship rests on the fact that people care about one another as well as themselves, sometimes even more. But the one for whom they were ready to make a sacrifice, does everything that his friends do not suffer.

These qualities and characteristics of friendship illustrate that friends are not always close friends. Not everyone can call their friends, relatives, brothers or sisters, parents. To call someone his friend, he must be confident in himself. And not demand the impossible from him.

Can not be called a friendship communication with colleagues and acquaintances, even if it is pretty close, if the lack of genuine sympathy, concern, and desire to help. Even among those United by common interests, for example: members of some club or sports fans, often no friends, because between them there is no trust, loyalty or as another member of his group, but as a person. And tomorrow if their interests change, they’ll remain just friends, once addicted to something one.

The same can be said about business partners, members of business groups, executives in the same company. All these relationships are forced and based on personal interest of each. They have no trust, mutual support, if the situation does not affect their interests.

This mutual friendship has nothing to do with the benefit. If one is bad, and all the other helping hand, or offer it, let them know and did not ask. To each other never fail.

Examples of true friendship

There are situations when a friend gets in trouble, and then he was trying to help with the bitter truth, or refuse to help, but often the friendship ends, as one who was in a difficult situation, considers such behavior of the person that he trusted, betrayal. And the one who so wants to help, doesn’t understand why his friend is to trust him and take his hand, pulling him down with me.

Without trust, the friendship disappears as well, and without sympathy, desire to understand and feel the inner world of another. It kills and the inability to maintain relationships and communication due to moving to another city, country, appearance of new companies for communication, marriage, change of interests, which included, lack of free time.

But the friendship we need, so it’s important to cherish and appreciate. After all, it makes feel that we are precious and needed by someone.

Friends do not make many demands and often do not expect anything in response, knowing that you will get exactly the same support. Without them, it does not say and how not to convince, hard to live. You can, but still who would refuse those who are always ready to help? It is not surprising that friendship is what makes us happy and gives us hope when hard, and the despair threatens to absorb without residue.

This article will outline the use for this mark of punctuation: indicating possession or ownership.

The second use of an apostrophe is to denote ownership or possession. This one becomes a bit trickier, especially where plurals are involved.

After you read the article, you might also wish to watch a video in which Dr. Lines explains how to use apostrophes in this way.

The Apostrophe with Plurals

For example, in the sentence, ‘There is the dog’s bed’ an apostrophe has been used to show that the bed belongs to the dog. By using an apostrophe, it becomes clear that a single dog is the subject of this sentence. This is the case with proper nouns too: ‘Ben’s house’ and ‘London’s train network’ both require possessive apostrophes.

However, what should be done when there are multiple dogs who all have beds? If you want to indicate that there is more than one dog, the sentence would read, ‘There are the dogs’ beds’.

In words that end in ‘s’ in the plural, the apostrophe belongs after the ‘s’ to show there are multiple dogs. Others example of this rule include ‘I’m going to the girls’ treehouse’. Plurals that don’t end in ‘s’ don’t require this treatment, such as ‘The Board’s decision is final’ or ‘There is the gang’s hideout’.

The Apostrophe with Personal Names

According to the Snooks & Co. Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, (which is the style manual adopted by the Australian government and Australian universities), personal names that end in ‘s’ are treated differently to plurals ending in ‘s’. ‘John’s notepad’ shows correct apostrophe placement for a personal name not ending in ‘s’, while ‘Jess’s notepad’ shows the correct apostrophe placement for a name ending with ‘s’. Instead of just adding the possessive apostrophe, you should add an apostrophe and then an ‘s’.

Singular or Plural?

Where it becomes tricky is in the case of a word ending in ‘y’ and ‘ies’. Should it be ‘baby’s toy’ or ‘babies’ toy’? The former refers to one baby’s toy, whereas the latter refers to a toy for babies or a toy that many babies share.

An easy way to check your accuracy with this is to ask yourself if you are referring to one or too many? For example, when mentioning ‘the lady’s hat’, you are speaking of one woman with one hat. ‘The lady’s hats’ still refers to one lady, but this time she has many hats. ‘The ladies’ hat’ indicates that many ladies seem to share one hat and finally ‘the ladies’ hats’ signifies that many ladies have many hats.

In the world there is no country where women earn as much as men

Although in many countries over the past century, women gained many rights, gender inequality in the workplace. Essay covers a problem even in the most developed countries. On the planet there is no country where women and men in similar positions receive the same salary. “Women make up about half of the population of the Earth and deserve to receive the same access to health care, education, earnings, influence and political rights as men,” write the authors of the report of the world economic forum. Our argumentative essay on gender inequality is dedicated to clarify this topic for you.

The closest to gender equality are the Nordic countries

The first place among the countries that is most successful struggling with inequality, is Iceland. The top five includes and other developed countries of Northern Europe: Finland, Norway, Sweden and Denmark. There is a gap between the different floors overcome 80% of it might have to do with developed innovative economy and a high standard of living in these countries.

Nicaragua and Rwanda are fighting inequality better than many developed countries

Sixth place in the ranking is unexpectedly of Nicaragua. A small and poor country in Central America ahead of the US, UK and other countries of the developed world, because there’s a lot of women who get higher education are engaged in professional work and participate in government. Immediately after Nicaragua is Rwanda she received a high rating, because in the local Parliament there are more women than men. There is a thesis statement on discrimination. You can easily find it by googling.

This is largely due to the indicators, reflecting the involvement of women in the political life of the country. According to analysts’ estimates, only 16 % of parliamentarians and 7% of government officials were women. In addition, the low place in the ranking was influenced by the income gap between men and women.

Chad, Pakistan and Yemen countries with the highest levels of discrimination

One of the last lines of the ranking is Chad, where few women have the opportunity to receive higher education and almost all managers, lawyers and officials are men. Pakistan fell to last place due to the large inequality between men and women in the economic sphere, while Yemen came in last place due to rupture in the amount of earnings and inequality in education and politics. Social inequality essays nicely tell us about more detailed.

The world situation has improved over the past nine years, and changes occur in the most unexpected regions

“World economic forum” has started to publish statistics in 2006 since then the authors of the report regularly interview CEOS of companies from around the world about the wage of their subordinates and to measure other indicators reflecting the situation of women in society. Changes occur very slowly over nine years, the overall situation of women on the planet has improved by only 4 %. However, studies show that most countries are moving in the right direction. The positive dynamics noticeable in 105 of the 142 countries included in the report. The situation is improved not only in developed countries. A lot of essays on gender inequality were written, and you might be interested to dive in them.