Format of footnotes in the dissertation

The dissertation (especially its theoretical part) is based on the study of various sources. The use of other people’s thoughts and data collected by other authors is accompanied by a link to the publication. For this are footnotes.

What are the footnotes in the thesis

Before describing how to make notes in a dissertation, you need to decide on the terminology.

Definition 1

The word “footnote” means the text that is placed at the bottom of the page after the feature that separates it.

The footnote may contain text of different content – notes and explanations of the author, translation of foreign words used by the characters, etc. In the thesis work, such objects are not provided, but bibliographic references are necessary.

Definition 2

Bibliographic references are an element of the document’s help.

Bibliographic references indicate information (of a bibliographic nature) about the document referred to, considered or cited (in whole or in part), which is sufficient to find and identify it.

Bibliographic references are of different types. The composition of the elements is distinguished:

  • Full bibliographic link. Such a link makes it possible to identify, search for a document, as well as to give its general characteristic.
  • A brief bibliographic link, focused only on the search document. It is made on the basis of the principle of laconicism.

According to the location of the links are:

  • Placed inside the text of the document – inline.
  • Placed in a footnote (bottom of the page) – subscript.
  • Rendered for the text (in the balloon) – endnote.

In order of mention links are:

  • Primary (when the source is mentioned for the first time).
  • Repeated (the above information can be specified in abbreviated form).

Bibliographic references (footnotes)

An example of bibliographic references in the final qualifying work is most often given in the training manual. It is usually recommended to use either inline links (in square brackets after the quotation), or subscripts.

To make footnotes in the thesis work is somewhat more complicated than inline links.

Example 1

Compare the examples: [5, c. 30] and 2 Talkien V. Logistics in the service sector: studies. for universities. – M .: Transport, 2018. – p. 30.

In the first case, just the source number is indicated, and after the comma the page number is difficult to make a mistake, in the second case there are quite a lot of details of the document, and the design differs from the design in the list of sources used (it will not work just to copy).

Standard 7.0.5 contains a list of elements included in the subscript bibliographic reference. In this case, you can omit some of them, so as not to overload the text with too voluminous footnotes.

How to make notes by standards

Standards regulate how to put footnotes. The standard is devoted to questions about what to write in a footnote (which elements to include in it, which separators to use between elements, etc.). Issues of formatting (technical design) attention is not paid. Not even the font of the footnotes is specified. Usually when making footnotes use the following rules:

  • The same typeface is used as for the main text of the work (headset Times New Roman).
  • The font size in footnotes is chosen 2-4 pt. less (if the text is written in 14 fonts, then footnotes are 10 or 12).
  • Line spacing for footnotes is selected single, without paragraph indent.

Not regulated by the standard aspects of the design of each institution of higher education or even the department decides at its discretion, so it is better to study the guidelines or ask for clarification from the department staff responsible for the standard control.

Presentation of the title page of the report

The title page of the report, like any other student work, requires proper design. Before writing it, you need to consider not only general recommendations, but also the rules that exist in a particular educational institution. To learn more about them, just go to the teacher in a particular discipline.

The design of the title page of the report meets all the requirements if there is information on it:

  • department
  • educational institution
  • Name of student
  • discipline
  • course number
  • Name of teacher and his position,
  • topic of the report,
  • the city.

It also indicates the year the report was completed and the student’s training form. It is worth remembering that information about the student, teacher and department is located on the right, and not in the middle of the sheet.

General requirements for a written report

To write a good report, you must follow a certain structure. Such work should include the following components:

  • title page,
  • table of contents,
  • introduction
  • main part,
  • conclusion
  • bibliography.

When writing each part, certain conditions are met. In the introduction, for example, it is necessary to provide general information about the topic and theses that will be disclosed in the main part.

So that the design of the title page of the report does not interfere with obtaining a good mark, you can order such work from specialists who will perform it taking into account all the requirements. In this case, the writing of the report takes place in a short time, so you do not have to constantly worry about submitting the written work on time.

Font and data layout features

The font features on the title page of the report are the same as when writing other types of written works. At the very top, the name of the educational institution, faculty and department is displayed. In this case, the font (Times New Roman) has a size of 14, and the inscription itself is located in the middle.

Below, the student writes the name of the discipline and the topic of the report. The first inscription is located in the middle of the sheet and has 16 font sizes. The topic is written below and is highlighted in bold. The font size in this case is 18 pt. The following is information about the student who wrote the report, as well as the teacher who checks the work. The features of this part of the title page are that the text is on the right. To accurately align this inscription, you can write it in the table and make its borders invisible.

Under the line “completed” the student writes:

  • full name,
  • form of training
  • faculty.

The surname, name and patronymic of the teacher are indicated under this information. This text is written in Times New Roman font size 14. On the bottom line of the title page of the report in the center is the city and year of writing of the report.

Design Recommendations

In order for the text to be displayed in the middle, in the Microsoft Word program, go to the “main” tab and find the buttons “left”, “center”, “right edge” and “width” there. Before you select a specific option, you should select the part of the text to which formatting will be applied.

To move the text of a specific block to the desired location on the sheet, you need to press the enter key several times. In this case, you should look at the samples in order to more accurately determine the distance between the lines of honey. It is worth remembering that there should not be hyphenations on the title page. Their presence will lead to a rewriting of this part of the work, which does not take much time, but can spoil the assessment.

To speed up the design of the title page of the report, before writing each block, you can immediately create a specific formatting. Thanks to this, you only need to enter text in a specific place on the page.

Report Design

Each student, during his studies, sooner or later has to write reports on various topics. However, it is not enough to select the necessary material and work through it. A student of a university, technical school or college will still need to correctly draw up a document.

Fundamental requirements

What is a competent report design? To type, you will need to use the font Times New Roman. The optimal size is considered to be 12 pt. In this case, you need to print the text after 1.5 intervals. Other features of the design of certification work include the inclusion of field parameters:

  • upper part – 30 mm;
  • right and left parts – 25 mm;
  • bottom – 20 mm.

The title page of the work deserves special attention. The first page of the report is obliged to carry the most complete information. The title page gives you the opportunity to familiarize yourself with the following information:

  • subjects;
  • speaker information;
  • name of company;
  • course and group number;
  • year of writing the work;
  • information about the examining teacher, including his position and degree, if any.

It is important to remember the rules for writing subheadings. They must be typed in lowercase. The letters are used 14 points, the words must be aligned exactly in the center.

At first glance, there are many requirements, but taking them into account is quite simple. If there are doubts about the literacy of the work, it is worth entrusting its creation to professionals. Our authors will do everything promptly and competently.

Key notation

What else implies the correct presentation of the report? This is the correct use of pictures. If attestation student work involves the introduction of illustrations, then the images should be clear. No fragments that are weakly or inconveniently read should not be on them. Illustrations are done in black and white.

Mandatory captions to illustrations. The text under the picture is typed in bold, 10 pt. Each image in the report is assigned its own number. The same goes for tables in the text. For this, approximately the following designation is used: “Table 2”. If the mark is put to illustrate, then the designation takes on the format “Fig. 3 “.

References

When preparing a report, it is very important to create a special unit dedicated to the bibliographic apparatus. The list of used literature is certainly numbered. As a rule, the order is determined by the citation order in the text of the work. In this case, the report shall indicate the appropriate number in the necessary places. The number is “locked” in square brackets, it looks like this: [6].

The list of used literature itself is formed at the end of the certification work. As a rule, in reports this information block is marked as “Literature”. If the sources used have not been published, then reference to them is considered inadmissible.

Scope of work and its format

Most university teachers indicate that work should not be more than 5 pages. The volume is calculated taking into account the tables and the indicated illustrations. If the report is submitted so that it is subsequently included in the collection, the material is presented in two versions. Work is provided in print format (2 copies) and electronic. For such a document, the RTF format is used. In order for the material to be compact, it must be archived.

An opinion from experts is required to be attached to the material. This addition indicates the possibility of publication of the work. Also, the material must be approved by the project manager. Work must be sealed with the seal of the organization for which it is performed.

Philosophy Essay Topics

Have you been asked to write an essay on philosophy? And you do not even know how to approach this matter? Do not despair! We have prepared for you the information that will be useful when writing this type of work.

An essay is a small essay written in a free, prosaic form and containing the author’s own judgments. For students who are not going to associate their lives with this science, writing an essay on philosophy becomes a very difficult task. Most students have no philosophical experience; modern students are not keen on reading books by famous philosophers. Many attended classes on this subject, which is taught in all institutions of higher education. But few people remember what was discussed at the lectures. But nevertheless, when an essay is asked, it is necessary to concentrate and accomplish this task as accurately as possible.

How to write an essay on philosophy

From the very beginning, you need to decide what you will write about. Themes of the essay on philosophy can be very different:

  • The extensive, generalized topics are quite relevant: “How do I understand philosophy?”, “What is the meaning of life?”, “My view of life”, “The place of philosophy in our world”, “My worldview”, etc. Here you can think about it, and There should be no particular complaints against you – you defend your views on various issues. However, it is problematic and it is eloquent to describe one’s point of view.
  • Another option is to use the opinion of a reputable philosopher, here too the teacher will not be able to challenge anything. For example: “The Teachings of Homer”, “Friedrich Nietzsche and his place in philosophy”, “Plato and his teachings on the state” and so on. The choice is wide and you don’t have to suffer by creating very smart offers. Everything is already written to you – the main thing is to correctly use all this.
  • You can, for example, touch on any problem: “The problem of loneliness”, “The problem of the essence of existence”, “The problem of human relations”. Choose any problem you have an idea about and go ahead.
  • Like the story? Try to touch it in your topic: “The formation of philosophy as a science”, “Ancient Philosophy”, “Philosophy of Renaissance”, “Eastern Philosophy”. This makes it possible to present interesting arguments.

In general, you can consider any topics related to the philosophy in which you understand. Do not be afraid to express your opinion – that is what is expected of you in the composition. Now, consider a plan for an essay on philosophy:

  1. Introduction (description of the problem, some thought, quote, which you will reveal later);
  2. Theses (formulation of thoughts) and arguments (proof of what was said, can be supported by personal experience, heard or read);
  3. Conclusion (summarizes, and summarizes the opinion of the author).

Here are some tips on how to write an essay on philosophy:

  • It is necessary to maintain a logical connection of the text;
  • Expressiveness, emotionality will not be superfluous;
  • It is better to use short, affordable offers;
  • Mandatory subjective interpretation of the selected topic;
  • It is important to attract the reader, to capture his attention;
  • Do not reload the essay with long sentences, incomprehensible definitions.

Stick to the above recommendations, select a topic that you understand and be able to communicate well and go ahead. You must get a decent job.

How to write a journalism essay

Creative tests of applicants who want to connect their lives with journalism, consist of 3 stages. One of them – writing a small essay.

How to write an essay? Journalism requires creativity, but not pathos

A common mistake is the use of flowery phrases. Do not tilt the beautiful syllable. Try to avoid clichés. A business syllable that is not stylistically and emotionally colored is required. And do not exaggerate. Inappropriate contextual hyperbole – a bad bell.

Show your ability to write strictly on the topic. Do not be distracted by extensive reflections, more relevant in the case of work on philosophy. And do not deviate from the chosen course. To please everyone all at once will not work. Even this goal is not worth it. It is not this that is evaluated, but the ability to competently express their own thoughts on the subject matter.

Journalism Essay Topics

Here are the current topics of journalism essay:

  1. Oral and written communication: which skills are more useful?
  2. Predisposition to journalism.
  3. Media like a weapon.
  4. Is creativity important in the profession of a journalist?
  5. The mission of a journalist.

How to write an essay “Journalism is a vocation”

  1. Make sure that you are able to uncover the topic using theses, arguments, quotes and references.
  2. Recall that there is an essay on journalism, how topics are revealed in this type of work.
  3. Think over the composition.
  4. Make a plan.
  5. Write an essay on the draft.
  6. Read it twice.
  7. Make amendments.
  8. Transfer the finished work on the piece.

What awaits you checking essay “Why journalism?”

You should be aware of the events that are now covered in the press. If an applicant or student does not follow the news, he will not be successful in the chosen field. This is the opinion of the university staff.

Realism must be traced in respect of wages, as well as the life of a journalist, filled with burning news, urgent issues and business trips. Irregular working day is not romance, but prose. Are you ready for this? The reviewer will definitely clarify this point at the interview if you do not get a similar essay topic.

Types of essay

Unlike many other types of work, an essay is an artistic composition. Generally speaking, all essays can be divided into 2 types: written by request and written by necessity. The second type is when the essay is written on the instructions of the teacher. Then the student is in some kind of framework in form and content. We wrote about this in the article “What is an essay? “. But regardless of these two types, all essays are divided according to other criteria.

In terms of content, essays are:

  • Philosophical – in them the author expresses a deep personal understanding of the meaning of life and death, etc.
  • Literary-critical – the author analyzes the work with an emphasized subjectivity.
  • Scientifically publicistic – such essays are similar to essay.
  • Artistic – often such essays carry the features of a work of art (short story, story, essay, etc.)

According to the literary form they appear as:

  • Reviews are a deep analysis of a work (book, film, performance, etc.)
  • Notes – a personal appeal in an informal style.
  • Diary pages – reflections on the topic in an informal style.
  • Letters – to a friend, potential reader, politician, artist, etc.

There are also the following types:

  • Descriptive – most often tells the reader how to perform a particular task.
  • Causal – in such essays, the author is trying to figure out why this or that event happened.
  • Comparing – here the author compares two or more objects.
  • Analytical – all thoughts are built on the analysis of something, its analysis.

In fact, the types of essays are vast. To learn to write in this genre, there is no need to learn them all, to understand the structure of the essay, and the like. Sometimes it is much easier to order this work from us. It is cheap and does not take much time. Moreover, you can not worry about uniqueness – all works are checked by anti-plagiarism.

Themes of research papers on physical education

Students of many universities are not required to attend physical education classes. However, somehow you still need to report. That is why students are invited to write essays. This is not always easy to do. But it doesn’t matter if you decide to order an essay from us or write it yourself, you still need to choose a topic.

Before choosing a topic, you most likely have already decided, with the appearance of a research paper, and generally know what a research paper is. We present to you a small list of topics that you can use for your essay on physical education:

  • Physical culture in the system of cultural values.
  • Physical education in high school.
  • The history of the emergence and development of the Olympic Games.
  • Control, self-control in physical education and sports. Prevention of injuries.
  • Morning hygienic gymnastics and its significance. The complex of morning hygienic gymnastics.
  • Healthy lifestyle students.
  • Symbols and attributes of the Olympic Games.
  • Motor mode and its meaning.
  • Physical culture and sport as social phenomena.
  • The role of general developmental exercises in physical education.
  • Sports game volleyball. The history of the emergence and development of the game. Rules of the game.
  • Basketball sports game. The history of the emergence and development of the game. Rules of the game.
  • Forms of independent exercise.
  • Improving physical culture and its forms. The effect of health-improving physical culture on the body.
  • Athletic gymnastics and its impact on the human body.
  • Running as a means of promoting health.
  • Scientific organization of labor: fatigue, mode, physical inactivity, working capacity, physical activity, self-education.
  • Hygienic and natural factors of nature: mode of work and rest; biological rhythms and sleep; the science of body weight and human nutrition.
  • The formation of motor skills.
  • Education of the basic physical qualities of a person (definition of a concept, methods of quality education).
  • The basics of sports training.
  • Physical education in general cultural and vocational training of students.
  • The body, as a single self-developing and self-regulating biological system.
  • Anatomical and morphological features and basic physiological functions of the body.
  • The external environment and its impact on the human body.
  • The functional activity of a person and the relationship of physical and mental activity.
  • Fatigue during physical and mental work. Recovery.
  • Physical culture in the regulation of performance.
  • Adaptation to exercise.
  • Adaptation of athletes to perform specific static loads.

Physics Research Papers Topics

Physics is a practical subject. It is impossible to learn such a science only in theory, it is always necessary to practice. As a consequence of this feature, students are usually given a very small list of topics that can be used for theoretical essay. We decided to help you stand out in the eyes of the teacher and wrote a short list of interesting topics. You just have to go one of two ways: write yourself on the chosen topic, while suffering with the correct design of the research paper and the requirements for the research paper. Or act wiser and just order it from us. We give a twenty-day guarantee for all work, so if something doesn’t suit you, you can request a revision from the author.

  • The speed of light: determination methods.
  • Röderdorf and his experiments.
  • Theory of elasticity.
  • Methods for producing semiconductor wafers.
  • The action of polarizing devices.
  • Loss of heat and electricity during trucking.
  • Propagation of radioactive waves.
  • Ballistic intercontinental missile.
  • The principle of operation of radioactive engines.
  • The manifestation of the laws of friction in everyday life.
  • Maxwell and his electromagnetic theory.
  • The essence and significance of heat treatment.
  • Characterization of torsion fields and technologies.
  • Methods of water softening.
  • Electromagnetic waves and electromagnetic radiation.
  • The principle of operation of batteries.
  • Ball lightning is a unique natural phenomenon.
  • An experimental study of electromagnetic induction.
  • The functioning of power plants.
  • Energy conversion.
  • The use of electricity.
  • Nuclear energy.
  • The action of optical instruments.
  • From water wheels to turbines.
  • The value of the experiments of Nikola Tesla.
  • The sun as a source of energy.
  • Ultrasound and the possibilities of its application.
  • Representation of a picture of the world from the point of view of physics.
  • The phenomenon of the rainbow in terms of physics.
  • The energy of water sources.

Standards of a coursework design in 2019

Course work is the first serious research that students perform. If the control and essays teachers focus on the content, for the course work is not less important and design. However, despite the importance of this type of work, many students do not know the rules for coursework design.

General requirements for coursework design

It is best to take the requirements for registration coursework or test work from the head. A sample or training manual allows you to familiarize yourself with the requirements of a particular department, which may differ from the requirements of the standard, moreover very significantly.

Usually the requirements for the design of coursework determine that the entire text should be written in Times New Roman, 14 pt in font size (12 pt in size is allowed). Align the text to the width. The spacing between the lines is single or one-and-a-half, there are no spacing after and before the paragraphs. The text color is black throughout the job. If you need to highlight some information, you can use the font of another headset.

Fields: upper and lower – 2 cm, left – 3 cm, right – 1 cm.

Headings are typed in the same font. They are located in the center or indention, some universities require boldface (although the design of coursework in 2019 does not allow the use of boldface).

Registration of drawings in coursework is carried out according to the following requirements:

  • All pictures should be referenced in the text.
  • The drawing itself is located after the first mention (on the same page or on the next).
  • After the picture is placed the text: the word “Picture”, the number of the picture, a dash, the name of the picture.
  • The numbering of the drawings can be both through and within the section.

The preparation of an electronic document the correct design of the course work is not completed. An example of the requirements for the subsequent stages of registration – printing is solely on the one hand. Paper size – A4. Work must be clean and tidy. On the page should not be more than 2 blots, but in any case it is better to reprint than correct.

Ends with the firmware. The course is usually fastened with a folder.

Registration of the title page

The title page is centered, except for student and supervisor data. This data equals on the right side. The following items should be on the title page:

  • The name of the higher institution (Ministry of Science and Higher Education).
  • The name of the institution where the student is studying (without abbreviations and abbreviations).
  • Faculty and department where the student writes a coursework.
  • The name of the item.
  • Subject (in accordance with the order).
  • Complete student data.
  • Information about the supervisor.
  • City, year, when the work was written.

The title of the work and the topic are sometimes marked in large and bold.

Registration of coursework content

You should build your text according to this scheme: title page – table of contents – introduction – main part – conclusions – list of references – applications. All of these parts must begin on a new page and be numbered correctly.

The title page has a number, but it is not put.

After the title page should be a list of contents, or content (different universities require different names for this element of the course work). The list indicates the structural elements of the course work (introduction, sections and subsections – standards for the coursework designation should highlight such elements, conclusion, list of sources used, applications, if available) and the number of pages on which they start. A placeholder can be used between the element name and the page number (most often in the form of dots).

Making a list of sources and footnotes

The list of references usually causes the most problems. Every sign is important here, so the teacher who conducts the control usually finds so many mistakes. First of all, take the guidelines on the department. This will help you. There should be accurate examples of the design of each type of information source. Follow these examples and everything will be fine. We will consider the main points that can facilitate this work for you.

Arrange all sources in alphabetical order by the name of the author. Regulatory acts, etc. placed in a separate list.

Sometimes students use footnotes in coursework. They are separated by a horizontal bar under the main text of the page. For footnotes use the same font, but smaller and with a smaller interval. The reference in the footnote is repeated in the list of sources. If the source is mentioned on the page two or more times, put the words “ibid.”

Themes of research papers on economics

At the departments there are certain lists of topics that are distributed from year to year to students for writing essays. This happens in all universities and at all faculties. Because of this, teachers do not particularly value student essays on these topics. This is especially true for the economy. Imagine how many times your teacher evaluated essays on such commonplace topics. That is why it is so important to find a unique interesting topic in this specialty. So you immediately distinguish yourself and earn a good reputation.

On our site you can order an essay on absolutely any topic. And ten minutes after you fill out the application, the authors will offer you their services. Therefore, all you need to do to stand out from the group is to choose a topic. Of course, you can write a research paper yourself. Then, in addition to the topic, you will need to study some organizational issues, for example, how to properly draw up a research paper.

We decided to simplify your task and selected a list of topics that can be used for research paper.

  • Economic theories of the Ancient world (Babylon, China, India, Egypt).
  • Economic views of thinkers of Ancient Greece (Xenophon, Plato, Aristotle).
  • The economic situation of canonism (St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas).
  • The essence of mercantilism as a school of economic thought (A. Montretien, T. Man, Colbert).
  • Physiocracy (F. Quesnay, Turgot).
  • Formation and development of the classical school of political economy (A. Smith, D. Ricardo, J.B. Say, T. Maltus and others).
  • Marginal direction of economic theory.
  • The essence of the neoclassical trend of modern economic theory.
  • Keynesian direction of modern economic theory.
  • Institutional and sociological direction of modern economic theory.
  • Interpretation of the subject of economic theory by various schools of economists.
  • Resources and their classification. Economic and non-economic resources.
  • Rarity of goods and production. The content of the main problems of the economy.
  • The problem of production efficiency in a market economy.
  • The struggle for limited resources.
  • Real and personal factors of production, methods for their connection.
  • The essence of ownership as an economic category. The place and role of property relations in the system of economic relations of society.
  • Assignment Types. The evolution of private property.
  • The essence and features of collective (group) assignment. Classification of forms of state ownership.
  • The role and importance of state ownership in the market system of farms.
  • Advantages and disadvantages of private property. Tendencies and prospects of development of private property in the USA.
  • State and municipal ownership.
  • The essence and criteria of typification of economic systems. Characteristic features of pure capitalism, command, traditional and mixed economies.
  • The essence and main features of a socially-oriented model of a market economy.
  • The economic model of Sweden.
  • Japanese economic model.
  • Features of the American economic model.
  • Economic models of new industrial countries.
  • The concept of general economic forms (social forms of management). General characteristics of subsistence farming and commodity production.
  • The importance of the social division of labor in the formation and development of the commodity economy.