Category: Life

At the departments there are certain lists of topics that are distributed from year to year to students for writing essays. This happens in all universities and at all faculties. Because of this, teachers do not particularly value student essays on these topics. This is especially true for the economy. Imagine how many times your teacher evaluated essays on such commonplace topics. That is why it is so important to find a unique interesting topic in this specialty. So you immediately distinguish yourself and earn a good reputation.

On our site you can order an essay on absolutely any topic. And ten minutes after you fill out the application, the authors will offer you their services. Therefore, all you need to do to stand out from the group is to choose a topic. Of course, you can write a research paper yourself. Then, in addition to the topic, you will need to study some organizational issues, for example, how to properly draw up a research paper.

We decided to simplify your task and selected a list of topics that can be used for research paper.

• Economic theories of the Ancient world (Babylon, China, India, Egypt).
• Economic views of thinkers of Ancient Greece (Xenophon, Plato, Aristotle).
• The economic situation of canonism (St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas).
• The essence of mercantilism as a school of economic thought (A. Montretien, T. Man, Colbert).
• Physiocracy (F. Quesnay, Turgot).
• Formation and development of the classical school of political economy (A. Smith, D. Ricardo, J.B. Say, T. Maltus and others).
• Marginal direction of economic theory.
• The essence of the neoclassical trend of modern economic theory.
• Keynesian direction of modern economic theory.
• Institutional and sociological direction of modern economic theory.
• Interpretation of the subject of economic theory by various schools of economists.
• Resources and their classification. Economic and non-economic resources.
• Rarity of goods and production. The content of the main problems of the economy.
• The problem of production efficiency in a market economy.
• The struggle for limited resources.
• Real and personal factors of production, methods for their connection.
• The essence of ownership as an economic category. The place and role of property relations in the system of economic relations of society.
• Assignment Types. The evolution of private property.
• The essence and features of collective (group) assignment. Classification of forms of state ownership.
• The role and importance of state ownership in the market system of farms.
• Advantages and disadvantages of private property. Tendencies and prospects of development of private property in the USA.
• State and municipal ownership.
• The essence and criteria of typification of economic systems. Characteristic features of pure capitalism, command, traditional and mixed economies.
• The essence and main features of a socially-oriented model of a market economy.
• The economic model of Sweden.
• Japanese economic model.
• Features of the American economic model.
• Economic models of new industrial countries.
• The concept of general economic forms (social forms of management). General characteristics of subsistence farming and commodity production.
• The importance of the social division of labor in the formation and development of the commodity economy.

Term paper, like the abstract, necessarily involves the use of works of reputable scientists – textbooks, monographs, articles. In light of this, it seems logical to make references and footnotes in term paper.

Ways of links in term paper

There are two approaches to how to link in a term paper:

1. Footnotes in the course can be made out in square brackets.
2. You can use footnotes, an example of which can be found in any textbook.

The way in which footnotes in the course are drawn up is determined by the department: both of the described variants of making footnotes are permissible.

Footnotes in square brackets do not cause questions at registration: in square brackets after the quotation (direct or indirect) the source number from the list of references is simply indicated.

Example 1

If you need to issue a footnote to the site, nothing more is required, if you need to issue a footnote to an article from a magazine or a book, then after the source number indicates the page from which the quotation is taken: [5, c. 117].

Somewhat more difficult to figure out how to put page references in the term paper.

Footnote rules in term paper

The design of references in term paper is from a technical point of view subject to the following requirements:

• The font with which you will draw footnotes coincides with the font of the main text.
• Size, which should be printed footnotes in the course: 2-4 points less than the main text, that is, the standard size – 10-12 pt.

Correctly make footnotes in the term paper on the following plan:

• Footnote sequence number (can be numbered or restarted on each page).
• Information about the source.
• Page number in the source.

Allowed to draw up literature in footnotes inside the text, under the word (bottom of the page) or behind the text (endnotes). Footnotes on the source in term paper are usually made at the bottom of the page.

How to make footnotes

The type of source used determines how to make footnotes to it in the term paper.

Example 2

Example: for the textbook, the author, title, publisher, and city of publication are indicated, and such information cannot be specified for the site.

Usually the first question is how to put footnotes on textbooks, manuals and monographs in term paper.

Example 3

Example: 1 O. Summers. Economic history of the European Union: studies. for universities. – M .: Education, 2016. – p. 307.

Example 4

A shorter description of the source in the footnote is also acceptable. For example, it might look like this: 1 O. Summers. Economic history of the European Union. M., 2016. P. 307.

After the source was mentioned in the footnote, it is possible to make footnotes to it in the term paper even more briefly.

Example 5

At the location of mentions in a row, the text of the second footnote is replaced by the words “Ibid.”

Using the Internet requires making footnotes to electronic resources.

How to make footnotes in term paper

Difficulties can also cause the question of how to put links in the term paper when typing text with footnotes in MS Word. An example of a common mistake: a student manually puts the source numbers in square brackets throughout the text. Then it is enough to make minimal changes in the list of references (add or remove one source) – and all the footnotes no longer correspond to reality.

Software developers have thought out how to conveniently put footnotes in term paper. Examples of useful tools:

• Tab “Links”, “Insert endnote” – for footnotes placed at the bottom of the page.
• Tab “Links”, block “Links and references” – for in-text links.
• Tab “Links”, “Cross-reference” – for links in square brackets to the source number from the bibliographic list.

The design of scientific work is regulated by standards. This also applies to the design of the report. The report begins with the title page. This is the face of your work, which indicates important information. Of course, everything should be correctly placed and formatted. What does the title page sample look like?

Information on the title page of the report

The following data is indicated on the title page of the report:

• the name of the institution
• Title of the report
• Name of the author, or authors
• Information about the author (academic degree, where he works or studies)
• City
• annotation

Presentation of the title page of the report

In the upper part of the sheet in capital letters write the word “REPORT”, under it indicate the topic of the report. The name should be clear, but as short as possible. Three lines – the limit of the topic name.

The title of the report is as follows:

• font Times New Roman,
• Bold
• font size 14pt.
• All words are capitalized.
• The name is aligned in the center, indentation is not necessary;
• the intervals along the sides of the text (before the first line and after the last line) should be 12 pt.

Next, indent and indicate the names of the authors of the report. If there are several, then the first one is written, which the report will protect. All the rest in alphabetical order. Font Times New Roman without bold or italics, size – 12pt, small uppercase. The text is centered. Indents and intervals in the text are not set. Initials stand in front of a surname. Authors, if there are several, are indicated with a comma. The point at the end is not set. If co-authors work or study in different places, then organizations are numbered. They are indicated by indices and are placed after the surname without a space.

The name of the place of work / study is written in Times New Roman font, the text does not stand out in any way, size 12 pt.

The text is centered. Indentation is not necessary. At the edges of the text you need to set the interval at 6 pt. The organizations in which the authors work / study need to be numbered. Each number must be put in front of the name of the organization without a space. Set the number as an index, choosing the top location.

At the bottom of the sheet is an abstract to the report.

Annotation

Annotation is a short presentation of your report. A few points on which the work is based. After reading the annotation, a person must understand what will be discussed in the report. This is like a small job certificate.

An annotation must be written for each report. The volume of annotation should be no more than 10 lines.

The abstract is drawn like this:

• font Times New Roman plain,
• size 10 pt.,
• justified in width
• padding to the left and right of the text is 8 mm.

Before the text write the word “Abstract”.

The report itself is drawn up as follows: Times New Roman font, size – 14 pt., margins: 2 cm from the bottom, 2 cm from the top, 2 cm from the right, 2 cm from the left, line spacing – single.

A sample title page of a report can easily be found on the Internet. Also take an interest in the teacher – perhaps he will give you an example of work.

In the work, and especially on the title page, there should be no spelling or punctuation errors. This really spoils the impression of work and the author.

Be sure to take the guidelines of your school. They should be your primary source of information about writing and design, as they will check you on them.

What should be a sample report? What to base on when writing? These questions worry many students, because this work should be carried out taking into account strict requirements.

What needs to be considered during the writing process? First of all, you need to make a reservation about the format. The report is typed and then printed on A4 sheets. At the same time, the volume of the finished material ranges from 4-6 full pages. This is taking into account the illustrations, all the necessary schemes, diagrams, tables. Each page is prepared in a text editor Microsoft Word.

Key job requirements

It should be noted and other important requirements. The report certainly implies:

• portrait orientation of sheets;
• lack of arrangement of numbers on pages;
• thoroughly edited document.

Field design deserves special attention. On the left, 3 cm is left. The upper and lower parts should not be more or less than 2 cm. Indent on the right side of the document is 1.5 cm.

How to make a theme?

This work makes special demands not only on the design of the title page, but even on the indication of the name of the project. The subject of the report is typed in Times New Roman, 14 pt. The letters are strictly uppercase. In this case, a bold font is selected.

Aligning the topic of the report is done in the center of the page. Indentation in this situation is not required, hyphenation is unacceptable. Moreover, you cannot leave any pretexts without a keyword at the end of a line.

Also on the title page you will need to indicate:

• authors of the project;
• name of the organization for which the material is being prepared;
• year of writing the work.

As for the text of the project itself, it is also typed in Times New Roman font. For this, 12 pt. is selected. It is necessary to align the typed text strictly to the width of the sheet.

Of course, to cope with the writing of the report, taking into account all the nuances indicated, is not easy. It is especially difficult for those students who have to combine university studies and work, as well as family life. If there is no time to create a competent, properly executed work, then it is optimal to turn to experts. Our authors can easily cope with the writing of the report. They will offer ready-made competent, properly executed work at a strictly agreed time.

Separate moments of registration

What else should the sample report take into account? When designing the material, do not forget about:

• intervals (after the paragraph – 0 pt.; before the paragraph – 6 pt.);
• single line spacing;
• indent in 1.25 cm;
• the introduction of only black and white illustrations or drawings in the spectrum of gray colors;
• automatic hyphenation.

When writing a report, it is very important to abandon the forced word break or create additional spaces.

If you need to add a formula to the text of the work, you should use the Microsoft Equation 3.0 editor. When making links, each regular source number is indicated in square brackets. Under no circumstances is the use of automatic links to tables, figures, and lists in the material. It is necessary to give links exclusively to those sources that were precisely used in the work.

As for the drawings used as part of the work, they are performed in JPEG format. Each illustration should be clear and easy to read. For this, it is optimal to use a resolution of at least 300 dpi.

Quite often, students have to write essays on various topics. This simplifies the work of the teacher and offers the opportunity to reward the student. Sometimes the department already has a list of topics on which essays are needed. But teachers always love initiative people, therefore they always support a student if he himself has found an interesting topic. If you want the teacher to remember you, then do just that. You do not even have to write a research paper yourself. You can simply order it from us. This is much cheaper than in agencies, because we authors and customers communicate in person and agree on a price themselves. In addition, you do not have to understand the structure of the essay and the various types of essays yourself. Therefore, this option is the most optimal.

But regardless of whether you decide to write yourself or order from us, you still need to choose an interesting topic, which is not at all simple. Therefore, for such cases, we have selected for you a list of topics that you can use for an essay on biology.

• Biological features of animal migration.
• The essence of the biosphere and civilization.
• Characterization of DNA biosynthesis.
• Biogeocenoses as important biological processes.
• Proteins: chemical composition, properties and significance for the human body.
• Anthropogenesis: essence and features.
• Features of the practical application of algae.
• Genetics as an important component of biological science.
• The cycle of substances in nature.
• The role of medicinal plants in human life.
• Development and manufacture of transgenic products.
• Hereditary human diseases: background.
• The selection process: features and significance.
• Characterization of puberty.
• Basic theories of human origin.
• Genetic engineering and its main problems.
• The essence of cloning.
• Unlimited possibilities of the brain.
• Modern biotechnology.
• Aging process.
• Photosynthesis is a unique natural phenomenon.
• The characteristic of human biorhythms.
• Rare and endangered species of birds.
• Plants listed in the Red Book.
• Endangered animals.
• Species of races: features of their origin.
• The specifics of immunity.
• The main reserves of the United States.
• Enzymes: functions and determination of their activity.
• Characteristic features of the regeneration process.

A research paper is one of the most common types of work among both students and schoolchildren. There are many reasons for writing essays: starting from the desire to close the extra pass or get an extra score in the exam and ending with the main research work. Nevertheless, no matter how often you have to write a research paper, how many pages should be in this work always remains an urgent issue.

The total amount of research paper

First of all, it depends on the place of your training. So, if you are still in school, the average volume of school essay is about 10-15 pages. If you are already studying at a university, then the amount of work increases to 20-30 pages. Unlike other types of work, the scope of the research paper takes into account all pages, from the title page to the list of references, with the exception of applications. When starting to write a research paper, it is important to remember that, unlike a report or review, this type of work involves not only presenting and researching the issue, but also formulating your own conclusions, which means that you need to maintain a balance between “water” and the brevity that you fill in your work.

Summary: how many pages should be?

In order to answer this question, it is best to outline the size of each part of the work. As you know, the research paper consists of a title page, table of contents, introduction, body, conclusion, list of references and, if necessary, an appendix. So, the approximate number of pages in each part of the work is as follows:

1. Title page and table of contents – one page at a time. It is important to remember that despite the fact that the serial number is not put on the front page, it is nevertheless included in the general numbering.
2. Introduction – 1-2 pages for school work and 2-3 pages for student work. In the introduction, you will outline the main tasks and goals of your work.
3. The main part is 5-10 pages in the school essay and 10-20 in the student essay. The volume of this part directly depends on the number of chapters and sections in your essay.
4. Conclusion – 1-3 pages for a school essay and 3-5 pages in the work of a student of a university. In this part, you state your conclusions and summarize the work.
5. The list of references rarely takes more than one page, but, of course, depends on the number of sources that you accessed during the work.
6. Applications are not taken into account in the total volume of the research paper, which means that their size is not limited. However, it is desirable that this part does not exceed the size of the main work.

Of course, these values are very approximate and largely depend on the requirements of the teacher or on your own abilities.

Naturally, if you were given the task of writing an essay, the volume of which should not be less than 30 pages, then the number of pages for each part may be different. If there are no strict conditions in terms of volume, then you can safely be guided by our advice.

To write or not to write?

Some students are faced with situations where the topic of the essay is little studied, or it is necessary to write more than one essay at once, how many pages should be in each of the works will be the last question that concerns such students. In such cases, many turn to the Internet and download finished work, sometimes without even bothering to read them. However, this approach often guarantees a low score or that the teacher simply will not accept the job, because they also know how to use search engines, and finding the downloaded essay is not so difficult. If you want to get a truly unique job and not sit at the writing yourself, then you can always contact our company. The authors who work with us have extensive experience in writing both school and student essays on various topics.

When writing student works, it is necessary to observe the requirements for the structure: first an introduction is written, then the main part, after it – the conclusion. The research paper should also have the listed elements. The conclusion contains all the conclusions reached by the author during the course of the study.

Why do I need a conclusion of the research paper

Samples of essays that you can find on the Internet almost always contain a conclusion. An exception can be only very small essays (3-5 pages). But even in them, although the conclusion does not stand out as an independent section, some brief conclusion summarizing the entire text should be present. Therefore, the question of whether a conclusion in the research paper is needed can be answered with confidence in the affirmative.

Benefits of the conclusion:

• For the author of the research paper – the conclusion allows you to systematize all the conclusions that were made in the text, to form a complete picture of the phenomenon or process.
• For readers – the conclusion provides an opportunity to quickly get acquainted with the ideas outlined.

Example 1

If they arouse interest, the reader will be able to study the entire text in more detail, and if they seem superficial, do not waste your time.

• For teachers – after reading the conclusion, you can form an opinion about the quality of work, the depth of student understanding of the topic.

It can be concluded that to end the research paper with a conclusion is not an empty formality, but in fact an important action.

How to write a conclusion in a research paper

It may be useful to study examples of foreign essays, but this is not enough to write your conclusion at a high level. Here are some tips to help you write the conclusion in the research paper:

• The conclusion is written last when the bulk of the essay is ready.
• In conclusion, you must adhere to the plan of the research paper. It will help not only to clearly follow the structure, but also to remember the laws of logic. No need to skip from the contents of one chapter to another, and then return to the first. Write the conclusions in sequence.
• It is difficult enough to start a conclusion in a research paper. You can start by defining the concept underlying the topic of the research paper.

Example 2

For example, for an essay on the topic “Criminal liability for committing corruption offenses,” the beginning of the conclusion may look like this: “The concept of corruption is a collective one, combining various offenses. Corruption is a socially dangerous phenomenon in the sphere of politics or public administration, … ”

• In conclusion, you can indicate whether the goal set in the introduction has been achieved. If this was not achieved, it is important to explain the reason for the failure (although this is a rarity for research papers).
• The last paragraph of the conclusion should be a kind of generalized conclusion, putting an end to the whole study.

What should be in the conclusion of the research paper

Usually, the conclusion does not introduce any new material, does not add anything to what has been said earlier. It serves to generalize and systematize – in conclusion you only need to write the conclusion of the research paper correctly.

In a good research paper, each chapter ends with a mini-conclusion. The presentation of the conclusions made in the chapters of the essay into a single coherent text is the writing of the conclusion.

The easiest way is to copy the findings, but this is not the right approach. More competently rewrite them a little differently, providing logical transitions. In this case, you only need to choose the main thing, without being carried away by “water” – the volume of the conclusion should be relatively small (in the research paper, it usually takes 1-2 pages).

If the text considered the views of various scientific movements on a debatable topic, in the introduction it is appropriate to express your opinion (which point of view seems more reasonable and why).

How to draw a conclusion in the research paper

The design of the research paper as a whole determines the design of the conclusion:

• In conclusion, the same font is used as in other parts of the work (the most common is Times New Roman, size 14). The font color is black.
• The same paragraph parameters apply (standard one and a half line spacing, indent of the red line 1.25 centimeters, without indentation before and after the paragraph).
• In conclusion, it is undesirable to use illustrations and tables, it is better to do with clear text (it is possible to use lists – marked or numbered – if there is an enumeration).

The title of the conclusion in the research paper can be drawn up according to the model used in the design of the title of the introduction, chapters of the research paper, and list of references. The title can be centered on the line (more common) or indented. The title may be capitalized: CONCLUSION. Highlighting in bold, italics, or underlining is not recommended.

Often, the department has a ready list of topics for coursework, but it is so poorly compiled that teachers themselves do not accept such topics and require the student to find their own. In this case, it does not matter, you yourself decided to write your coursework or act wiser and just order it from us, because we give guarantees of the quality of work and the safety of money – you need to choose the topic yourself.

First you need to decide on the type of course work. After this is done, you need to familiarize yourself with the requirements for course work. And only after that – be determined with the topic. We decided to choose for you a list of interesting topics for a coursework on marketing.

• Market research on bread and bakery products
• Features of marketing on the example of the computer market
• Optimization of the ratio of prices and production volumes
• The image of the New York City in the minds of youth
• Non-price factors to improve the competitiveness of the goods on the example of LLC “DNS”
• Outdoor advertising as an element of the communicative environment
• The purpose and content of the business plan of the company
• Multimedia as a business and marketing tool
• Modeling the range of the book-selling organization with a medical focus
• Place and role of state trade organizations in the development of public services
• Merchandising in the sales management system
• Pricing Techniques
• International Banking Marketing
• Enterprise Marketing Plan
• Consumer Market Research
• Marketing research of the coffee house market on the example of the Coffee Life coffee house
• Marketing research of the retail milk market and consumer preferences research
• Apple and Samsung marketing research
• Apple Inc. marketing activities
• Healthcare Marketing
• Lexical and stylistic means used to create language expressiveness in modern English advertising slogans
• Logistic activity of an enterprise (on the example of Logistic Trans LLC)
• Corporate development of the company and business
• Control of marketing activities in the enterprise
• Competition and competitive marketing methods
• Product competitiveness

It often happens that a freshman is confronted with the fact that he must write a coursework. But they don’t say a word about what it is and how to write it. Sometimes, even the manuals are not enough for everyone, and the student has to write at random himself or, which is much more logical, to order a coursework from us. It is not expensive at all, because we do not use the services of intermediaries, so you will pay for the work as much as you want.

Course work

There is a difference between coursework and coursework, which students often do not notice. Course work is a student’s scientific writing, the purpose of which is the development of special skills, the study of scientific papers on one specific issue related to one of the subjects studied. Usually such work is written by students of humanities specializations (economics, pedagogy, journalism, law, philosophy, etc.)

The older the course, the more difficult the course work. Often, elementary students write such works in the abstract style. Senior students usually write term research papers. They are required to develop a detailed topic, create their own methodology and detailed conclusions. To write a coursework, you need to know its structure: title page, table of contents, introduction, main chapters, conclusion, list of references and applications. The number of pages ranges from 20 to 40. However, the standard coursework is considered 25-page work with several applications.

Course project

This work, unlike the course work, is usually performed by students of technical specialties. It implies a technical analysis of an engineering solution on a specific topic throughout the semester. It also often includes the economic part, which shows the effect of innovation, proposed by the student, on the enterprise.

Typically, the student performs 4-5 course projects for the entire period of study, which are complicated as the student moves to senior courses.

The structure of the course project is also clearly regulated. It consists of text and graphic parts. The first includes an explanatory note, which consists of theory and practical calculations. Graphic are drawings, diagrams, tables. The scope of the course project is approximately the same as that of the course work – 30–40 pages, plus 2–4 sheets of drawings, which are usually carried out on A1 sheets.

The design of reports does not impose as stringent requirements as the design of larger-scale works (term papers, diplomas). However, negligence in design, non-compliance with standards can lead to lower grades.

What the report consists of

The composition of the report is similar to the composition of the abstract. The following structural elements can be distinguished:

• The title page – often the report is not submitted to the teacher in print form at all (the student simply reads it to the audience), then there is no need to prepare this element. Upon receipt of the assignment, you can clarify the procedure for submission, but if you do not know how to make a report at your institute, it is better to prepare the cover page.
• Content (table of contents) – it is allowed not to make content for works of small volume (and the report rarely exceeds 10 pages). If the report is large, or is divided into many questions, the content will be useful to the speaker himself.
• Introduction – may not stand out as a separate structural element (do not have a heading), but some introductory design that allows you to interest listeners is required. The volume of introduction should be 5-10% of the total report volume, i.e. if the report has a volume of 5 pages – no more than half a page. In this part, it is necessary to indicate the relevance of the work, briefly indicate which side the topic will be considered in the report.
• The main part is the actual disclosure of the topic of the report.
• Conclusion – Like the introduction, it may not be highlighted. It may also be called, depending on the topic, “conclusions”, “results”, “results”.
• References – if a source is used in the report without mentioning it, it can be considered plagiarism.

Proper presentation of the title page of the report

If the report is submitted for examination to the teacher, attention should be paid to the design of auxiliary elements (supplementing the main text).

The first thing a person sees when he picks up a report is the title page. Mandatory details must be indicated on the title page. We list them from top to bottom:

• Higher organization – for most universities this is the Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Industry affiliation is also possible.
• The name of the institution.
• Name of faculty, department.
• Type of work – “Report”.
• “By discipline” and the name of the discipline.
• Topic.
• Information about the person who completed and checked the work.
• City and year of writing the report.

Making the text of the report

A very common question is what font to write the report. There is a certain freedom of choice, limiting only the minimum font size (it must be at least 12 pt.). For the design of works, they traditionally use 14 fonts with one and a half intervals, the most popular font is Times New Roman.

When preparing a report, it should be borne in mind that its main purpose is a tip for the speaker. Therefore, the font should make it possible to read some fragment easily and quickly: the speaker should not peer into the text, painfully analyzing the words. It may be convenient to print the report in two versions – one with the standard 14 Times New Roman font (to be checked), and the other more convenient for the speaker to personally perceive (to peek during the story).

The text should be divided into paragraphs (perhaps structural elements, if the report is sufficiently voluminous). In the cheat sheet report, you can highlight key points for yourself with the help of effects – bold, underline, italics. In the teacher version, this is not recommended.

Enumerations are best written not in solid text separated by commas, but using bulleted or numbered lists (text editors such as Word or Writer have the necessary tools in their composition).

The use of figures and tables in the report itself is impractical: a large number of numbers are poorly perceived by ear, and the figures will be completely inaccessible to the audience.

Correct design of the list of references

The design of the list of references for the report is no different from the design of this element in any other form of scientific or educational work.

The specific elements of the source description depend on its variety – a book, an electronic source, an article in a periodical, etc.

The correct bibliographic description of the book can be taken on one of its first pages. Difficulties can arise only with old editions, which took shape before the advent of the new standard.

The greatest difficulty is the design of electronic sources, especially sites.

The order of sources in the list of references for the report is alphabetically. Since the reports usually do not make footnotes, ordering as they are mentioned in the text is inappropriate. It is possible to separate normative legal acts into a separate block (precede all other sources).

Handout for the report

To revive the report or illustrate some of its provisions, you can use visual materials. For a small audience, it’s easiest to prepare handouts.

Handout may contain various information that is worse perceived by ear than visually, or their perception by ear is completely impossible.

Example 2

Examples include graphs, charts, tables with numbers, reproductions of paintings.

The specific type of handout and the degree of support in it in the text determines the required number of copies.

Example 3

So, if the report is dedicated to the artist, you can convey reproductions of his paintings in one or two copies: the time for the speech is enough for the whole group (or even 2 groups) to see the paintings. If the report is based on the analysis of numerical information, a table with numbers should be in front of each listener’s eyes throughout the entire report.

There are no clear requirements for the design of handouts. The main thing is that the material is readable, the images are clearly printed, sufficiently bright and contrasting. The paper should be clean and not wrinkled, it should be nice to pick up.

How to make a presentation to the report

The development of multimedia technology allows you to replace handouts with a presentation. If the audience has the necessary equipment (projector, screen), and the teacher allows them to use it, this option is preferred for the speaker:

• The presentation can be used as a hint to the speaker, if you put on the slides the key provisions of the report.
• Slides are visible to the entire audience at once, no one has to wait until the material reaches him.
• The speaker can point out some significant fragments of the picture (drawing, map and other types of images) to emphasize.
• Printing costs are reduced (color printing of a large number of copies is a rather expensive event, and black and white does not always convey the necessary information).
• Working with visual images can be supplemented with sound information (for example, music, if this helps to reveal the topic of the report).

The presentation should be well read (a dark font on a light background is recommended), not overloaded with animation and effects, not containing unnecessary decorations that distract from the content.